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ἀλλά,
conjunction, originally neuter plural of ἄλλος, otheruise: used adversatively to limit or oppose words, sentences, or clauses, stronger than δέ:
__I in simple oppositions, but,
__I.1 after negative clauses, οὐ κακός, ἀλλ᾽ ἀγαθός[[ 6th c.BC: Theognis Elegiacus 212; οὐδὲ μὲν Ἕκτωρ μίμνεν, ἀλλ᾽.. ἐφορμᾶται 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 15.690, etc. ] Refs 8th c.BC+]
__I.1.b after a simple negative, ἦ παραφρονεῖ; οὔκ, ἀλλ᾽ ὕπνος μ᾽ ἔχει[[ 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Vespae” 9, etc. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__I.1.c frequently after οὐ μόνον, μὴ μόνον, with or without καί, οὐ μόνον ἅπαξ, ἀ. πολλάκις[[ 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Phaedrus” 228a, compare 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 3.59, 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Memorabilia” 1.4.13, etc.; without μόνον, οὐχ ἑσπέρας, ἀλλὰ καὶ μεσημβρίας 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Fragmenta” 1006: also after οὐχ (or μὴ (ὅτι, οὐχ (or μὴ) ὅπως] Refs 5th c.BC+], either, not only.. but.., μὴ ὅτι ἰδιώτην τινά, ἀλλὰ τὸν μέγαν βασιλέα[[ 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Apologia” 40d; μὴ ὅτι κατὰ τὸ σῶμα, ἀλλὰ καὶ κατὰ τὴν ψυχήν [prev. author] “Smp.” 207e] Refs 5th c.BC+]; or, not only not.. but.., οὐχ ὅπως κωλυταὶ.. γενήσεσθε, ἀλλὰ καὶ.. περιόψεσθε[[ 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.35; οὐχ ὅτι ὠργίζοντο, ἀλλ᾽ ἐζήλουν 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 19.265] Refs 5th c.BC+]; the negative form is ἀλλ᾽ οὐδέ, μὴ ὅτι ὑπὲρ ἄλλου, ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ ὑπὲρ ἐμαυτοῦ δίκην εἴρηκα[[ 4th c.BC: Isaeus Orator 10.1, etc. ] Refs 4th c.BC+]
__I.2 in the apodosis of hypothetical sentences, still, at least, εἴπερ γάρ τε.. ἀλλά τε[[ 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 1.82, etc.: in Prose, especially ἀλλ᾽ οὖν.. γε or ἀλλά.. γε, εἰ καὶ σμικρά, ἀ. οὖν ἴση γε ἡ χάρις 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 3.140] Refs 8th c.BC+]; εἰ μή (i.e. ὁρῶ), ἀλλ᾽ ἀκούω γε, [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Gorgias” 470d, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Isocrates Orator 3.15, +others; εἰ μηδέν ἐστι τελευτήσαντι, ἀλλ᾽ οὖν τοῦτόν γε τὸν χρόνον ἧττον ἀηδὴς ἔσομαι 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Phaedo” 91b (in later Gk. ἀλλά γε] Refs 5th c.BC+] may be in juxtaposition, εἰ ἄλλοις οὐκ εἰμὶ ἀπόστολος, ἀλλά γε ὑμῖν εἰμί[[ NT.1Cor.9.2, and ἀ. γε δή is found with vv. 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” in 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Phaedrus” 262a)] NT+8th c.BC+]; εἰ καὶ μετέχουσι.. ἀλλ᾽ οὐ.. [[ 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Politica” 1282a11:—less frequently after Conjunctions of Time, as ἐπεὶ δή 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 14.151; ἐπεί 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Coloneus” 241. ] Refs 8th c.BC+]
__I.2.b after [[ 8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus, ἀ. is used elliptically, especially with _adverbs_ of Time, ὦ θεοὶ πατρῷοι, συγγένεσθέ γ᾽ ἀ. νῦν (i.e. εἰ μὴ πρότερον, ἀ. νῦν γε) 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Electra” 411, compare “Ant.” 552, 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Heraclidae” 565; ἀ. τῷ χρόνῳ [prev. author] “Med.” 912] Refs 8th c.BC+]; ἐὰν οὖν ἀ. νῦν γ᾽ ἔτι, i.e.ἐὰν οὖν [μὴἄλλοτε], ἀ. νῦν γε.. if then now at least ye still.., [[ 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 3.33, compare 5th c.BC: Lysias Orator 10.15] Refs 5th c.BC+]:—without an adverb of Time, at least, ἡ δ᾽ ἀ. πρός σε μικρὸν εἰπάτω μόνον[[ 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Pax” 660, compare 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Coloneus” 1276, 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Hercules Furens” 331. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__I.3 sometimes = ἀλλ᾽ ἤ (which see), except, but, οὔτι μοι αἴτιος ἄλλος, ἀ... τοκῆε no one else, but.., [[ 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 8.312; οὐδέ τις ἄλλη φαίνετο γαιάων, ἀ. οὐρανὸς ἠδὲ θάλασσα 12.404; ἔπαισεν οὔτις ἀ. ἐγώ 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Tyrannus” 1331; ἡδέα.. οὐκ ἔστιν ἀ. τούτοις 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Ethica Nicomachea” 1176a22, compare 1152b30] Refs 8th c.BC+]: compare reverse process in our word but=be out, except:—sometimes with force of ἤ after comparatives, τάφον, οὐκ ἐν ᾧ κεῖνται μᾶλλον, ἀ.ἐν ᾧ ἡ δόξα κτλ. not that in which they are lying, but far more.., [[ 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 2.43; οὐχ ὅπλων τὸ πλέον, ἀ. δαπάνης [prev. author] 1.83. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__I.4 with negative after an affirmative word or clause, to be rendered simply by not, ἀγαθῶν, ἀ. οὐχὶ κακῶν αἴτιον[[ 5th c.BC: Lysias Orator 14.16; τῶν σπουδαίων, ἀ. μὴ τῶν φαύλων 5th-6th c.BC: Isocrates Orator 1.2; ἐκεῖθεν, ἀ. οὐκ ἐνθένδε ἡρπάσθη 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Phaedrus” 229d:—after a question, τί δεῖ ἐμβαλεῖν λόγον περὶ τούτου, ἀ. οὐχὶ προειπεῖ; 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 2.2.19, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Isocrates Orator 15.229, etc. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__I.4.b without negative, μικρὸς μὲν ἔην δέμας, ἀ. μαχητής[[ 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 5.801. ] Refs 8th c.BC+]
__II to oppose whole sentences,but, yet:
__II.1 frequently in transitions, as [[ 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 1.135, 140, etc.; ἀ. καὶ ὥς.. 1.116] Refs 8th c.BC+]; ἀ. οὐδ᾽ ὥς.. [[ 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 1.6:—after 8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus ] Refs 8th c.BC+] in answers and objections, nay but.., well but.., frequently with negatives, especially in making and answering objections, [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Acharnenses” 402, 407] Refs 5th c.BC+]; also in affirmative answers, [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Protagoras” 330b, “Grg.” 449a, etc.] Refs 5th c.BC+]:—repeated in a succession of questions or objections, πότερον ᾔτουν σέ τι..; ἀ. ἀπῄτου; ἀ. περὶ παιδικῶν μαχόμενο; ἀ. μεθύων ἐπαρῴνησ; [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Anabasis” 5.8.4, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Theages” 123e, 5th-6th c.BC: Isocrates Orator 17.47] Refs 5th c.BC+]; ἀ. μήν.., answered by ἀ.., [[ 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Politica” 1287a23:—in vehement answers 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus often uses νὴ τοὺς θεοὺς ἀ..., μὰ Δἴ ἀ.., “Grg.” 481c, “Phlb.” 36a, cf. Alcaeus1.110b, c:—at beginning of speech, to introduce a general objection, 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 4.472, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Symposium” 1, 4th-3rd c.BC: Menander Comicus “Γεωργός” 22. ] Refs 8th c.BC+]
__II.2 with imperative or subjunctive, to remonstrate, encourage, persuade, etc., frequently in [[ 8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus, ἀ. ἄγε, ἴθι, 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 1.210, 11.611; ἀ. ἴομεν 6.526; ἀ. πίθεσθε 1.259; after _vocative_, ὦ Φίντις, ἀ. ζεῦξον 5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “O.” 6.22, compare 7th c.BC: Tyrtaeus Elegiacus 10.15, etc.] Refs 8th c.BC+]; answered by a second ἀ., ἀ. περιμένετε. ἀ. περιμενοῦμεν[[ 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 327b; ἀλλ᾽ ἕρπεθ᾽ ὡς τάχιστα 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Coloneus” 1643, compare “Ant.” 1029, etc. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__II.3 to break off a subject abruptly, ἀ. τά γε Ζεὺς οἶδεν[[ 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 15.523] Refs 8th c.BC+]; ἀ. ταῦτα μὲν τί δεῖλέγει; [[ 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Philoctetes” 11, compare “Tr.” 467, etc. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__II.4 in resuming an address after parenthesis, [[ 5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “O.” 2.12, 4.7. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__II.5 in elliptical phrases, οὐ μὴν ἀ., οὐ μέντοι ἀ... it is not [so], but.., ὁ ἵππος πίπτει καὶ μικροῦ αὐτὸν ἐξετραχήλισεν· οὐ μὴν [ἐξετραχήλισεν] ἀ. ἐπέμεινεν ὁ Κῦρος it did not however [throw him], but.., [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 1.4.8; οὐ μέντοι ἀ. 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Symposium” 173b; οὐ γὰρ ἀ. 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Ranae” 58, 498:—after δέ, ὑμεῖς δέ μ᾽ ἀ. παιδὶ συμφονεύσατε 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Hecuba” 391. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__III when joined with other Particles, each retains proper force, as,
__III.1 ἀλλ᾽ ἄρα, used by [[ 8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus in transitions, 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 6.418, 12.320, etc.] Refs 8th c.BC+]; later, to introduce an objection, [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Apologia” 25a] Refs 5th c.BC+]; in questions,ἀλλ᾽ ἆρα..; [[ [prev. author] “R.” 381b. ] Refs]
__III.2 ἀλλ᾽ οὖν, concessive, at all events, [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Ranae” 1298; τοὺς πρώτους χρόνους ἀ. οὖνπροσεποιοῦνθ᾽ ὑμῖν εἶναι φίλοι 4th c.BC: Aeschines Orator 3.86] Refs 5th c.BC+]; well then, [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Protagoras” 310a] Refs 5th c.BC+]; but then, however, with γε following, [[ 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 3.140, 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Antigone” 84, 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Cyclops” 652, 5th-6th c.BC: Isocrates Orator 3.18, etc.; ἀλλ᾽ οὖν γε in apodosi, see above 1.2. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__III.3 ἀλλὰ γάρ, frequently with words between, but really, certainly, as ἀλλὰ γὰρ Κρέοντα λεύσσω.., παύσω γόους, but this is irregular for ἀλλά, Κρέοντα γὰρ λεύσσω, παύσω γόους, [[ 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Phoenissae” 1308, compare 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Antigone” 148] Refs 5th c.BC+]; for the regular order[[compare 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Philoctetes” 81, 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Heraclidae” 480, “Med.” 1067; frequently elliptical, the Verb being understood, 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 8.8, 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Prometheus Vinctus” 941, 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Antigone” 155: in 8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus ] Refs 8th c.BC+] only with negatives, ἀλλ᾽ οὐ γάρ[[ 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 7.242, 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 14.355, +others, compare 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Tyrannus” 1409] Refs 8th c.BC+]; ἀ. γὰρ δή, ἀ. γάρ τοι, [[ 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Ajax” 167, “Ph.” 81. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__III.4 ἀ. εἰ.. quid si.. ? [[ 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 16.559. ] Refs 8th c.BC+]
__III.5 ἀ. ἦ in questions, chiefly of surprise or remonstrance, [[ 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Choephori” 220, 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Electra” 879, 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Acharnenses” 1111] Refs 5th c.BC+]; ἀλλ᾽ ἦ, τὸ λεγόμενον, κατόπιν ἑορτῆς ἥκομε; [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Gorgias” 447a, compare “Prt.” 309c. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__III.6 ἀ. followed by strengthening Particle, ἀλλ᾽ ἤτοι μὲν ταῦτα θεῶν ἐν γούνασι κεῖται[[ 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 17.514; especially with _imperative_, 1.211, +others] Refs 8th c.BC+]; ἀλλά τοι[[ 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 15.518, 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Persae” 795, etc.] Refs 8th c.BC+]; ἀ. μέντοι, with or without γε, [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Symposium” 214e, “Hp.Ma.” 287d, +others] Refs 5th c.BC+]; ἀ. μήν, see at {μή; ἀ. δή}, mostly with words between, [[ 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Ajax” 1271, “OC” 586, 5th-6th c.BC: Isocrates Orator 4.109, etc.] Refs 5th c.BC+]; without intervening words, [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Apologia” 37c, +others; ἀ. δῆτα [prev. author] “Hp.Ma.” 285c; ἀ. μὲν δὴ καὶ αὐτός [prev. author] “Tht.” 143b, compare 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Electra” 103. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__IV = et quidem, [[ 6th c.AD: Olympiodorus Philosophus “in Aristotelis Meteora commentaria - pars” 1.13, +others] Refs 6th c.AD+]
