ἄρχων, οντος, ὁ,
(participle of ἄρχω) ruler, commander, νεός[[ 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 5.33: _absolutely_, 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Septem contra Thebas” 674, 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Ajax” 668, etc.] Refs 5th c.BC+]; chief, king, Ἀσίας[[ 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Persae” 73] Refs 4th c.BC+]; ἄ. τοῦ κόσμου τούτου, of Satan, [[ NT.John.16.11, +others ] NT]
__II as official title, chief magistrate, especially at Athens, [[ 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.126, etc.; οἱ ἐννέα ἄρχοντες “IG” 2.163] Refs 5th c.BC+]; οἱ ἄ., at Sparta, the authorities, [[ 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 6.106: _sing._, ὁ ἄρχων] Refs 5th c.BC+] the eponymous magistrate of the year, [[ Inscriptiones Graecae 1.52, +others, 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Ἀθηναίων Πολιτεία” 3.3, etc.] Refs 4th c.BC+]; so in Boeotia, at Delphi, Delos, and elsewhere, [[ “IG” 7.2407, “SIG” 295.18, “IG” 2.814, etc.] Refs]; = Latin consul, [[ 2nd c.BC: Polybius Historicus 1.39.1. ] Refs 2nd c.BC+]
__II.2 governor of a dependency or province, e.g. in the Athenian Empire, [[ “IG” 1.62b19, etc. ] Refs]; of a Roman governor, [[ “OGI” 441.59] Refs]; = praefectus, [[ 2nd c.BC: Polybius Historicus 6.26.5. ] Refs 2nd c.BC+]
__II.3 generally, magistrate, official, [[ 4th c.BC: Aeschines Orator 3.29, etc.] Refs 4th c.BC+]; opposed to ἰδιώτης, [[ “SIG” 672.16 (Delph.)] Refs]; ruler of a synagogue, [[ NT.Matt.9.18] NT]; president of a club, [[ “PLond.” 3.1178.6 (2nd c.AD).] Refs 2nd c.AD+]