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θεός, ὁ,
Boeotian dialect θιός, Laconian dialect σιός (see. below), [[ 5th c.AD: Cypria ] Refs 5th c.AD+], Cretan dialect θιός [[ “Inscription Cyprian dialect” 135.27 H., “Leg.Gort.” 1.1] Refs], Doric dialect also θεύς [[ 3rd c.BC: Callimachus Epicus “Hymnus in Cererem” 58; _accusative_ θεῦν variant [prev. work] 130 ] Refs 3rd c.BC+]; vocative (only late) θεός, also θεέ [[ LXX.Deu.3.24, NT.Matt.27.46, “PMag.Lond.” 121.529, etc.] LXX+NT]; but classical in compound names, Ἀμφίθεε, Τιμόθεε:—God, the Deity, in general sense, both singular and plural (εἰ καὶ ἐπὶ θεοὺς καὶ ἔτι μᾶλλον ἐπὶ θεὸν ἁρμόζει μεταφέρειν [[ 3rd c.AD: Plotinus Philosophus 6.8.1), θ. δὲ τὸ μὲν δώσει τὸ δ᾽ ἐάσει “God” will grant.., 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 14.444; οὐδέ κεν ἄλλως οὐδὲ θ. τεύξειε 8.177, compare 3.231, 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 13.730 (also θεὸς Ζεύς 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 4.236, 14.327); θ. καὶ ἀγαθὴ τύχη 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Leges” 757e, compare 4th c.BC: Timocles Comicus 3 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator; σὺν θεῷ 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 9.49, 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Ajax” 765, etc. (less frequently ξὺν τῷ θ. [prev. work] 383)] Refs 8th c.BC+]; σὺν θ. εἰρημένον [[ 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 1.86, compare 3.153; σὺν θ. εἰπεῖν 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Protagoras” 317b ] Refs 5th c.BC+]: so in plural, σύν γε θεοῖσιν [[ 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 24.430; οὔ τοι ἄνευ θεοῦ 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 2.372 ] Refs 8th c.BC+]; οὐ θεῶν ἄτερ pi.[[ “P.” 5.76; ἐκ θεόφι 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 17.101 ] Refs 8th c.BC+]; ὑπὲρ θεόν against his will,[[ 17.327; ἂν θ. θέλῃ 2nd c.AD: Alexander Rhetor 231; θ. θέλοντος 4th-3rd c.BC: Menander Comicus “Μονόστιχοι - Fragmenta Comicorum Graecorum” 671: in _plural_, ἂν θεοὶ θέλωσιν 2nd c.AD: Alexander Rhetor 247 ] Refs 4th c.BC+]; θεῶν συνεθελόντων, βουλομένων, [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “de Equitum magistro” 9.8, 2nd c.AD: Lucianus Sophista “Macr.” 29; εἰ ὀρθῶς ἢ μή, θ. οἶδε 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Phaedrus” 266b, compare “R.” 517b, etc.; in oaths, θ. ἴστω 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Coloneus” 522 (Lyric poetry), etc.; πρὸς θεῶν 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 5.49, 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 1.15, etc.: τοὺς θεούς σοι ] Refs 5th c.BC+]bless you! good heavens! for heaven's sake! [[ 2nd c.AD: Marcus Antoninus Imperator 7.17, 2nd c.AD: Arrianus Historicus “Epicteti Dissertationes” 2.19.15, +others; τὸν θ. σοι [prev. work] 3.7.19, +others: qualified by τις, 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 9.142, etc.; οὐκ ἄνευ θεῶν τινος 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Persae” 164 (troch.), 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Bacchae” 764; κατὰ θεόν τινα [prev. author] “IA” 411, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Euthydemus” 272e; κατὰ θεόν πως εἰρημένα [prev. author] “Lg.” 682a ] Refs 8th c.BC+]: doubled in poets, θεὸν θεόν τις ἀγλαϊζέτω [[ 5th c.BC: Bacchylides Lyricus 3.21, compare 5th c.BC: Diagoras Lyricus 1; θεοὶ θεοὶ τῶν ἀδίκων μέλουσι 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Hercules Furens” 772, compare 2nd c.AD: Pausanias Grammaticus “fragment” 203] Refs 5th c.BC+]; θεοί (Cretan dialect θιοί) as an opening formula in Inscrr. (i.e. τύχην ἀγαθὴν διδοῖεν), [[ “Leg.Gort.” 1.1, “IG” 12.52, etc.: _sing._, θ. τύχη [prev. work]5(2)] Refs].1, etc.: in Prose also with the Article, ὁ θ. πάντων ἂν εἴη αἴτιος [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 379c, compare “Lg.” 716c, etc.] Refs 5th c.BC+]; τὰ πρὸς τοὺς θ., τὰ παρὰ τῶν θ., [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Memorabilia” 1.3.1, 2.6.8. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__b θεοί, opposed to ἄνδρες, πατὴρ ἀνδρῶν τε θεῶν τε [[ 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 1.544; ὃν Ξάνθον καλέουσι θ., ἄνδρες δὲ Σκάμανδρον 20.74: in Comparisons, θεοῖσιν ἶσ᾽ ἔθελε φρονέειν 5.440; θεοῖς ἐναλίγκια μήδεα 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 13.89 ] Refs 8th c.BC+]; also in singular, θεῷ ἐναλίγκιος αὐδήν [[ 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 19.250; θεὸς ὥς 5.78; ὥς τε θεός 3.381: proverbial, θεὸς πρὸς ἀνθρώπους] Refs 8th c.BC+], of an 'angel's visit', [[ 3rd c.BC: Herodas Mimographus 1.9. ] Refs 3rd c.BC+]
__c of special divinities, νέρτεροι θ. [[ 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Persae” 622, 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Antigone” 602 (Lyric poetry)] Refs 5th c.BC+]; ἐνέρτεροι θ. [[ 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 15.225 ] Refs 8th c.BC+]; οἱ κάτωθεν θ. [[ 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Antigone” 1070; θ. οὐράνιοι “hymnus ad Cererem” 55, 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Agamemnon” 90 (_anapaest meter_)] Refs 5th c.BC+]; οἱ δώδεκα θ. [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Equites” 235, 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “de Equitum magistro” 3.2, “IG” 22.30, etc.] Refs 5th c.BC+]; μὰ τοὺς δώδεκα θ. [[ 4th-3rd c.BC: Menander Comicus “Σαμία” 91 ] Refs 4th c.BC+]; in dual, τὼ σιώ (Laconian dialect), of Castor and Pollux, ναὶ τὼ σ. [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Anabasis” 6.6.34, “HG” 4.4.10, 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Lysistrata” 81: so in _Boeotian dialect_, of Amphion and Zethus, νεὶ τὼ σιώ (to be read θιώ) [prev. author] “Ach.” 905. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__d ὁ θ., of natural phenomena, ὁ θ. ὕει (i.e. Ζεύς) [[ 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 2.13; ὁ θ. ἐνέσκηψε βέλος [prev. author] 4.79 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; ἔσεισεν ὁ θ. (i.e. Ποσειδῶν) [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Historia Graeca (Hellenica)” 4.7.4 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; of the sun, [[ 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 2.24, 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Persae” 502, 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Alcestis” 722 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; δύνοντος τοῦ θ. [[ 2nd c.AD: Appianus Historicus “Bella Civilia” 4.79 ] Refs 2nd c.AD+]; the weather, τί δοκεῖ τὰ τοῦ θεο; [[ 4th-3rd c.BC: Theophrastus Philosophus “Characteres” 25.2. ] Refs 4th c.BC+]
__e Astrology texts, θεοί,= ἀστέρες, [[ 4th c.AD: Julianus Imperator Laod.in “Catalogus Codicum Astrologorum” 8(4).252. ] Refs 4th c.AD+]
__f θεός (i.e. Ἥλιος), name of the 9th τόπος, Rhetor.[[[prev. work]163, etc. ] Refs]
__2 metaphorically, of abstract things, τὸ δ᾽ εὐτυχεῖν τόδ᾽ ἐν βροτοῖς θεός τε καὶ θεοῦ πλέον [[ 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Choephori” 60; ἡ φρόνησις ἁγαθὴ θ. μέγας 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Fragmenta” 922; θ. γὰρ καὶ τὸ γιγνώσκειν φίλους 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Hel.” †60 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; ὁ πλοῦτος τοῖς σοφοῖς θ. [[ [prev. author] “Cyc.” 316 ] Refs]; φθόνος κάκιστος θ. [[ Hippothoon 2. ] Refs]
__3 as title of rulers, θεῶν ἀδελφῶν (i.e. Ptolemy Il and Arsinoe), [[ 3rd c.BC: Herodas Mimographus 1.30, etc.; Πτολεμαῖος ὑπάρχων θεὸς ἐκ θεοῦ καὶ θεᾶς “OGI” 90.10 (Rosetta, 2nd c.BC)] Refs 3rd c.BC+]; Ἀντίοχος ὅτῳ θεὸς ἐπώνυμον γίγνεται [[ 2nd c.AD: Appianus Historicus “Συριακή” 65 ] Refs 2nd c.AD+]; θεὸς ἐκ θεοῦ, of Augustus, [[ “OGI” 655.2 (Egypt, 1st c.BC); θ. ἡμῶν καὶ δεσπότης “IPE” 4.71 (Cherson., 2nd c.AD). ] Refs 1st c.BC+]
__3.b = Latin Divus, [[ Mon.Anc.Gr. 10.4, 1st c.BC-1st c.AD: Strabo Geographus 4.1.1, etc.] Refs 1st c.BC+]; οἱ ἐν θεοῖς αὐτοκράτορες,= divi Imperatores, [[ Inscriptiones Graecae 12(1).786 (from Rhodes). ] Refs]
__3.c generally of the dead, καὶ ζῶντός σου καὶ εἰς θεοὺς ἀπελθόντος [[ “PPetr.” 2p.45 (3rd c.BC)] Refs 3rd c.BC+]; θεοῖς χθονίοις,= Latin Dis Manibus, [[ Inscriptiones Graecae 14.30, +others ] Refs]
__4 one set in authority, judge, τὸ κριτήριον τοῦ θ., ἐνώπιον τοῦ θ., [[ LXX.Exo.21.6, 22.8; θεοὺς οὐ κακολογήσεις [prev. work] 22.28(27). ] LXX]
__II θεός feminine, goddess, μήτε θήλεια θεός, μήτε τις ἄρσην [[ 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 8.7, compare 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 2.35, +others; τοῖς θεοῖς εὔχομαι πᾶσι καὶ πάσαις 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 18.1, compare 141, Oracle texts [prev. work] 21.52 ] Refs 8th c.BC+]; especially at Athens, of Athena, Decrees cited in [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Andocides Orator 1.77, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Timaeus” 21a, etc.] Refs 5th c.BC+]; ἁ Διὸς θεός, Ζηνὸς ἡ θ., [[ 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Ajax” 401 (Lyric poetry), 952 (ἡ Διὸς θεά [prev. work] 450) ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; of other goddesses, ποντία θεός [[ 5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “I.” 8(7).36 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; ἡ νερτέρα θ.,= Περσεφόνη, [[ 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Coloneus” 1548, etc. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; of Thetis, [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Apologia” 28c ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; of Niobe, [[ 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Electra” 150 (Lyric poetry), “Ant.” 834 (_anapaest meter_)] Refs 5th c.BC+]: in dual, of Demeter and Persephone, τὰ τοῖν θεοῖν ψηφίσματα [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Vespae” 378 (Lyric poetry); οὐδ᾽ ἔδεισε τὼ θεώ 5th-6th c.BC: Andocides Orator 1.125; frequently in oaths, νὴ τὼ θεώ 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Lysistrata” 112; μὰ τὼ θεώ [prev. author] “Ec.” 155, 532. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__III as adjective in comparative θεώτερος, divine, θύραι θ., opposed to καταιβαταὶ ἀνθρώποισιν, [[ 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 13.111 ] Refs 8th c.BC+]; χορὸς θ. [[ 3rd c.BC: Callimachus Epicus “Hymnus in Apollinem” 93, compare “Dian.” 249, 2nd c.AD: Dionysius Periegeta 257. (Derived by 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 2.52 from τίθημι ] Refs 5th c.BC+] (κόσμῳ θέντες τὰ πρήγματα), by [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Cratylus” 397d from θεῖν. Etym. uncertain)] Refs 5th c.BC+] [In Epic dialect (twice in [[ 8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus) and Trag. (5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Bacchae” 47, 1347, +others, not in Comedy texts)] Refs 8th c.BC+], as monosyllable by synizesis, θεοί [[ 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 1.18, 6th c.BC: Theognis Elegiacus 142; θεῶν “hymnus ad Cererem” 55, 259; θεοῖς 6th c.BC: Theognis Elegiacus 171; θεοῖσιν 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 14.251; θεούς “hymnus ad Cererem” 325: even in _nominative_ θεός before a vowel, 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Orestes” 399 (cf. Pors. (at [prev. work])), “HF” 347; in 5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “P.” 1.56 apparently a short monosyllable] ] Refs 8th c.BC+]
