Skip to main contentκακῶς — STEP Liddell–Scott–Jones | Berean InstitutesSTEP Liddell–Scott–Jones: κακῶς
Included with: κᾰκός, ή, όν,
__A bad:
__A.I of persons,
__A.I.1 of appearance, ugly, εἶδος μὲν ἔην κακός [[ 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 10.316, compare 2nd c.AD: Pausanias Periegeta 8.49.3. ] Refs 8th c.BC+]
__A.I.2 of birth, ill-born, mean, γένος ἐστὲ διοτρεφέων βασιλήων.., ἐπεὶ οὔ κε κακοὶ τοιούσδε τέκοιεν [[ 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 4.64; Ζεὺς δ᾽ αὐτὸς νέμει ὄλβον.. ἐσθλοῖς ἠδὲ κακοῖσι 6.189; οὐ κακὸν οὐδὲ μὲν ἐσθλόν 22.415; οὐδ᾽ ἐὰν.. φανῶ τρίδουλος, ἐκφανῇ κακή 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Tyrannus” 1063; κακός τ᾽ ὢν κἀκ κακῶν [prev. work] 1397. ] Refs 8th c.BC+]
__A.I.3 of courage, craven, base, [[ 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 2.365, 6.489; κακοῦ τρέπεται Χρὼς ἄλλυδις ἄλλῃ (called δειλὸς ἀνήρ in the line above) 13.279 ] Refs 8th c.BC+]; Ἕκτωρ σε κ. καὶ ἀνάλκιδα φήσει [[ 8.153, compare 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 3.375; κ. καὶ ἀνήνορα 10.301; οἵτινες.. ἐγένοντο ἄνδρες κ. ἢ ἀγαθοὶ ἐν τῇ ναυμαχίῃ 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 6.14; κ. καὶ ἄθυμος [prev. author] 7.11 ] Refs 8th c.BC+]; οὐδαμῶν κακίονες[[ [prev. work] 104; κακοὺς πρὸς αἰχμήν 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Philoctetes” 1306; κακή τ᾽ ἐς ἀλκὴν καὶ σίδηρον εἰσορᾶν 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Medea” 264; οὐδενὶ ἐπιτρέψοντας κακῷ εἶναι 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Anabasis” 3.2.31. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__A.I.4 bad of his kind, i. e. worthless, sorry, unskilled, ἡνίοχοι [[ 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 17.487 ] Refs 8th c.BC+]; [τοξότης] ἢ κ. ἢ ἀγαθός[[ [prev. work] 632; νομῆες 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 17.246 ] Refs 8th c.BC+]; κ. ἀλήτης a bad beggar,[[ [prev. work] 578; ἰατρός 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Prometheus Vinctus” 473 ] Refs 4th c.BC+]; κυβερνήτης, ναύτης, [[ 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Supplices” 880, “Andr.” 457; μάγειρος 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Phaedrus” 265e: with _accusative_ modi, πάντα γὰρ οὐ κακός εἰμι] Refs 5th c.BC+] I am not bad in all things, [[ 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 8.214; κ. γνώμην 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Philoctetes” 910: also with _dative_, κακοὶ γνώμαισι [prev. author] “Aj.” 964 ] Refs 8th c.BC+]: with infinitive, κ. μανθάνειν [[ [prev. author] “OT” 545 ] Refs]; [νῆσος] φυτεύεσθαι κακή [[ “Tragica Adespota” 393 ] Refs]; compare 11.
__A.I.5 in moral sense, base, evil, [[ 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 11.384, 8th-7th c.BC: Hesiodus Epicus “Opera et Dies” 240 ] Refs 8th c.BC+]; opposed to Χρηστός, [[ 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Antigone” 520; ὦ κακῶν κάκιστε [prev. author] “OT” 334, “Ph.” 984; πλεῖστον κάκιστος [prev. author] “OC” 744; κ. πρός τινας 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.86; εἰς φίλους 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Orestes” 424 codices; περὶ τὰ Χρήματα 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Clitopho” 407c. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__A.I.6 wretched, [[ 3rd c.BC: Herodas Mimographus 3.42. ] Refs 3rd c.BC+]
__A.II of things, evil, pernicious, frequently in [[ 8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus, etc., as δαίμων, θάνατος, μοῖρα, αἶσα, κῆρες, νοῦσος, ἕλκος, φάρμακα, ὀδύναι, 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 10.64, 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 3.173, 13.602, 1.418, 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 2.316, 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 1.10, 2.723, 22.94, 5.766 ] Refs 8th c.BC+]; Χόλος, ἔρις, [[ 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 16.206, 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 3.161 ] Refs 8th c.BC+]; πόλεμος, ἔπος, ἔργα, [[ 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 4.82, 24.767, 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 2.67, +others] Refs 8th c.BC+]; ἦμαρ, ἄνεμος, [[ 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 9.251, 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 5.109 ] Refs 8th c.BC+]; of omens and the like, unlucky, ὄρνις, ὄναρ, σῆμα, [[ 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 24.219, 10.496, 22.30: also in Trag., κ. τύχη, δαίμων, μόρος, 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Trachiniae” 328, 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Persae” 354, 369, etc.] Refs 8th c.BC+]; of words, abusive, foul, κ. λόγοι [[ 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Antigone” 259, compare “Tr.” 461 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; κ. ποιμήν, i.e. the storm, [[ 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Agamemnon” 657 ] Refs 4th c.BC+]: Astrology texts, unlucky, τόποι [[ 4th c.AD: Hephaestio Astrologus 1.12 ] Refs 4th c.AD+]; κ. τύχη, name for the sixth region, [[ 4th c.AD: Paulus Alexandrinus Astrologus “M.” 1. ] Refs 4th c.AD+]
__B κακόν, τό, and κακά, τά, as substantive, evil, ill, δίδου δ᾽ ἀγαθόν τε κακόν τε [[ 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 8.63; ἀθάνατον κακόν 12.118; ἐκ μεγάλων κακῶν πεφευγέναι 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 1.65 ] Refs 8th c.BC+]; so κ. ἄμαχον, ἄπρηκτα, [[ 5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “P.” 2.76, “I.” 8(7).8 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; ἔκπαγλον, ἄφερτον, ἀμήχανον, etc., [[ 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Agamemnon” 862, 1102, 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Medea” 447, etc.] Refs 5th c.BC+]; κακὸν ἥκει τινί there's trouble in store for some one, [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Ranae” 552 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; δυοῖν ἀποκρίνας κακοῖν the least of two evils, [[ 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Tyrannus” 640, compare “OC” 496 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; κακῶν Ἰλιάς, see at {Ἰλιά; κακόν τι ῥέξαι τινά} to do harm or ill to any one, [[ 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 2.195, etc.; πολλὰ κάκ᾽ ἀνθρώποισιν ἐώργει 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 14.289 ] Refs 8th c.BC+]; κακὰ φέρειν, τεύχειν τινί, [[ 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 2.304, 8th-7th c.BC: Hesiodus Epicus “Opera et Dies” 265 ] Refs 8th c.BC+]; κακόν τι (or κακὰ) ποιεῖν τινα (see. δράω, ποιέω, ἐργάζομαι); κακὸν πάσχειν ὑπό τινος to suffer evil from one, [[ 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 8.48, etc.: in Trag. frequently repeated, κακὰ κακῶν, ={τὰ κάκιστα}, 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Coloneus” 1238 (Lyric poetry); εἴ τι πρεσβύτερον ἔτι κακοῦ κακόν [prev. author] “OT” 1365 (Lyric poetry); δεινὰ πρὸς κακοῖς κακά [prev. author] “OC” 595, compare “Ant.” 1281; δόσιν κακὰν κακῶν κακοῖς 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Persae” 1041 (Lyric poetry). ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__B.2 κακά, τά, evil words, reproaches, πολλά τε καὶ κακὰ λέγειν [[ 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 8.61, compare 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Septem contra Thebas” 571, 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Ajax” 1244, “Ph.” 382, etc. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__B.3 Philos., κακόν, τό, Evil, [[ Stoic. 3.18, +others, 3rd c.AD: Plotinus Philosophus 1.8.1, +others ] Refs 3rd c.AD+]
__B.4 of a person, pest, nuisance, τουτὶ παρέξει τὸ κ. ἡμῖν πράγματα [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Aves” 931 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; also, comically, ὅσον συνείλεκται κακὸν ὀρνέων what a devil of a lot of birds, [[[prev. work] 294. ] Refs]
__C degrees of Comparison:
__C.1 regular comparative in Epic dialect, κακώτερος [[ 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 6.275, 15.343, 3rd c.BC: Theocritus Poeta Bucolicus 27.22, 3rd c.BC: Apollonius Rhodius Epicus 3.421, etc.] Refs 8th c.BC+]: also in late Prose, [[ 4th c.AD: Alciphro Epistolographus 3.62 ] Refs 4th c.AD+]: irregular κακίων, ον [with ῐ], [[ 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 2.277, 6th c.BC: Theognis Elegiacus 262, etc.] Refs 8th c.BC+], with ῑ in Trag., except [[ 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Fragmenta” 546 (_anapaest meter_); κακῑότερος “Anthologia Graeca” 12.7 (from Strato). ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__C.2 superlative κάκιστος [[ 8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus, etc.--Cf. also Χείρων, Χείριστος, and ἥσσων, ἥκιστος. ] Refs 8th c.BC+]
__D adverb κακῶς ill, ἢ εὖ ἦε κακῶς [[ 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 2.253, etc.] Refs 8th c.BC+]; κακῶς ποιεῖν τινα to treat one ill; κακῶς ποιεῖν τι to hurt, damage a thing; κακῶς ποιεῖν τινά τι to do one any evil or harm; κ. πράσσειν to fare ill, [[ 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Prometheus Vinctus” 266, etc.; κάκιον ἢ πρότερον πράττειν 5th-6th c.BC: Andocides Orator 4.11; κ. ἔχειν 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Ranae” 58, etc.] Refs 5th c.BC+]; of illness, [[ NT.Matt.4.24; rarely κακῶς πάσχειν 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Prometheus Vinctus” 759, 1041 (_anapaest meter_)] NT+4th c.BC+]; Χρῆν Κανδαύλῃ γενέσθαι κ. [[ 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 1.8; κ. ὄλοισθε 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Philoctetes” 1035, etc.] Refs 5th c.BC+]; with play on two senses, ὡς κ. ἔχει ἅπας ἰατρός, ἂν κ. μηδεὶς ἔχῃ [[ 3rd c.BC(?): Philemo Junior Comicus 2 ] Refs 3rd c.BC+]; κ. ἐρεῖν τινά, λέγειν τὴν πόλιν, [[ 6th c.BC: Mimnermus Lyricus 7.4, 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Acharnenses” 503 ] Refs 6th c.BC+]; κ. εἰδότες, ={ἀγνοοῦντες}, [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 2.3.13, 5th-6th c.BC: Isocrates Orator 8.32, compare 4th c.BC: Hyperides Orator “pro Euxenippo” 33 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; κακῶς ἐκπέφευγα I have barely escaped, [[ 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 21.126 ] Refs 4th c.BC+]: comparative κάκιον [[ 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 1.109, 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Tyrannus” 428, And.[same place], 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Menexenus” 236a, etc.] Refs 5th c.BC+]: superlative κάκιστα [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Ranae” 1456, “Pax” 2, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 420b, etc. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__D.2 adverb and adjective frequently coupled in Trag., Attic dialect, etc., κακὸν κακῶς νιν.. ἐκτρῖψαι βίον [[ 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Tyrannus” 248; κακὸς κακῶς ταφήσῃ 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Troades” 446 (troch.); ἀπό σ᾽ ὀλῶ κακὸν κακῶς 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Plutus” 65, compare “Eq.” 189, 190, 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 32.6, 6th c.AD: Procopius Caesariensis Historicus “de Bello Persico” 1.24; κακοὺς κακῶς ἀπολέσει αὐτούς NT.Matt.21.41; κακοὺς κάκιστα 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Ajax” 839 ] NT+5th c.BC+]; in reversed order, ὥσπερ ἀξία κακῶς κακὴ θανεῖται [[ 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Troades” 1055 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; with intervening words, κακῶς.. ἀπόλλυσθαι κακούς [[ 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Philoctetes” 1369, compare 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Cyclops” 268, 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Equites” 2 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]. (Perh. cognate with Avest. kasu-, comparative kasyah-, superlative kasišta- 'small', Lithuanian nukašëti 'grow feeble, thin', [[ \{1st c.BC-1st c.AD\}: Germanicus Caesar Epigrammaticus ] Refs 1st c.BC+] hager.)
