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πόνος, ὁ,
(πένομαι) work, especially hard work, toil, in [[ 8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus ] Refs 8th c.BC+] mostly of the toil of war, μάχης π. the toil of battle, [[ 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 16.568 ] Refs 8th c.BC+]; πόνος alone, ={μάχη},[[ 6.77, 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 12.117, +others] Refs 8th c.BC+]; πόνον ἔχειν, ={μάχεσθαι}, [[ 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 6.525, compare 13.2, +others; ἀνδράσι δυσμενέεσσι π. καὶ δῆριν ἔθεντο 17.158; π. ἀνδρῶν 6th c.BC: Theognis Elegiacus 987; πόνοι Ἐνυαλίου 5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “I.” 6(5).54 ] Refs 8th c.BC+]; ἐν τούτῳ τῷ π. ὁ πολέμαρχος διαφθείρεται in this struggle (at Marathon), [[ 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 6.114; ἐν τοῖσι Τρωϊκοῖσι π. [prev. author] 9.27. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__2 generally, toil, labour, ἐπεὶ παύσαντο πόνου [[ 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 1.467, +others] Refs 8th c.BC+]; π. ὀρνίθεσσι τιθείη cause toil to them, [[ 8th-7th c.BC: Hesiodus Epicus “Opera et Dies” 470 ] Refs 8th c.BC+]; π. λαβόντας incurring toil, [[ 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 7.24; π. παρέχειν μανθάνοντι 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 526c ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; μάταιος π. labour in vain, [[ [prev. author] “Ti.” 40d; οἱ κατὰ τὰ σώματα π. [prev. author] “Plt.” 294e; π. συνεχής 3rd c.AD: Democritus Epigrammaticus 241; πολλῷ π. 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Persae” 509; μετὰ πολλοῦ π. 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Sophista” 230a; σὺν π. 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Cynegeticus” 9.6; οὐ μακρῷ π. 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Prometheus Vinctus” 75; ἄνευ π. 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Memorabilia” 2.6.22 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; ἔχει πόνον πολύν involves much trouble, [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Pax” 1216 (also εἰνάλιον π. ἐχοίσας σκευᾶς] Refs 5th c.BC+] when the tackle labours in the sea, [[ 5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “P.” 2.79): _plural_, π. ἑκούσιοι 3rd c.AD: Democritus Epigrammaticus 240. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__3 of special kinds of labour, bodily exertion, exercise, στρατιωτικοὶ π. [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 3.3.9 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; of exertions in the games, [[ 8th-7th c.BC: Hesiodus Epicus “Scutum Herculis” 305, 5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “N.” 4.1, l. 4(3).47 ] Refs 8th c.BC+], etc.; γυμνάσια.., νεανιᾶν (probably) πόνον the scene of youthful labours, [[ 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Helena” 211 (Lyric poetry); εἰναλίοισι πόνοισι 3rd c.BC: Theocritus Poeta Bucolicus 21.39. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__4 work, task, business, ἐπεὶ π. ἄλλος ἔπειγεν [[ 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 11.54 ] Refs 8th c.BC+]; enterprise, undertaking, [[ 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Philoctetes” 864 (Lyric poetry), etc. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__5 implements for labour, stock-in-trade, οὗτος τοῖς ἁλιεῦσιν ὁ πᾶς πόνος [[ 3rd c.BC: Theocritus Poeta Bucolicus 21.14 ] Refs 3rd c.BC+]; καὶ πόνος ἐντὶ θάλασσα the sea is their workshop, [[ 2nd c.BC: Moschus Bucolicus “fragment” 1.10. ] Refs 2nd c.BC+]
__II stress, trouble, distress, suffering, [[ 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 19.227; Τρώεσσι πόνον καὶ κήδε᾽ ἔθηκεν 21.525; ἦ μὴν καὶ π. ἐστὶν.. 2.291 ] Refs 8th c.BC+]; ἐν τούτῳ τῷ π., of a storm, [[ 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 7.190 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; ὁ Μηδικὸς [π.] the trouble from the Medes, [[ [prev. author] 4.1; παῦροι ἐν πόνῳ πιστοί 5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “N.” 10.78: frequently in Trag., πόνος πόνῳ πόνον φέρει 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Ajax” 866 (Lyric poetry); πόνον ἔχειν [prev. author] “OC” 232 (Lyric poetry)] Refs 5th c.BC+], etc.: in plural, sufferings, [[ 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Prometheus Vinctus” 66, 328, etc.] Refs 4th c.BC+]; πόνους πονεῖν [[compare (πονέω 5th c.BC: Bacchylides Lyricus 1.2); διά τινα πόνους ἔχειν 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Ecclesiazusae” 975 (Lyric poetry)] Refs 5th c.BC+]; also of disease, κατέβαινεν ἐς τὰ στήθη ὁ π. [[ 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 2.49; πλευρᾶς πόνοι καὶ θώρακος καὶ ἥπατος 1st c.AD: Dioscorides (Dioscurides) Medicus 1.2; ἰσχίων π. καὶ πλευρᾶς [prev. work] 73. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__II.2 pain, especially physical, δύο π. ἅμα γενομένων, μὴ κατὰ τὸν αὐτὸν τόπον, ὁ σφοδρότερος ἀμαυροῖ τὸν ἕτερον [[ 5th c.BC: Hippocrates Medicus “ἀφορισμοί” 2.46, compare 1st c.AD: Erotianus Grammaticus see entry {πόνοι}, 2nd c.AD: Galenus Medicus 17(2).699; π. ἐν κεφαλῇ 5th c.BC: Hippocrates Medicus “Acut.(Sp.”) 40; ἐς τὰ ἄρθρα πόνοι [prev. author] “Aph.” 4.44, 45, compare 2nd c.AD: Soranus Medicus 1.27, +others; π. ἐς ἀμφοτέρας κνήμας 5th c.BC: Hippocrates Medicus “ἐπιδημίαι” 1.26.γ, compare δ, +others, LXX.Gen.34.25 ] LXX+5th c.BC+]; distinguished from λύπη (pain in general), [[ 3rd c.AD: Alexander Aphrodisiensis Philosophus “Quaestiones - pars” 125.33 ] Refs 3rd c.AD+]; but sometimes ={λύπη}, [[ 4th-3rd c.BC: Epicurus Philosophus “Epistulae” 3p.65U., “Sent.Vat.” 4, “fragment” 442, 1st c.BC: Philodemus Gadarensis Epigrammaticus “Mus.” p.72K. ] Refs 4th c.BC+]
__III anything produced by work, a work, μελισσᾶν τρητὸς π., of honey, [[ 5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “P.” 6.54; ὑψηλὸς τεκτόνων π. 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Fragmenta - American Journal of Philology” 357, compare 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Orestes” 1570 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; ὁ ἐμὸς ὠδίνων π., of a child, [[ [prev. author] “Ph.” 30 ] Refs]; so, πόνον ὀρταλίχων ὀλέσαντες, i.e. the nestlings, [[ 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Agamemnon” 54 (_anapaest meter_)] Refs 4th c.BC+]; τοὺς ἡμετέρους π. the fruits of our labour, [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Anabasis” 7.6.9. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__IV Πόνος personified as son of Eris, [[ 8th-7th c.BC: Hesiodus Epicus “Theogonia” 226. ] Refs 8th c.BC+]
