__B in Attic dialect, definite or prepositive Article.
__C in Epic dialect, the so-called postpositive Article, = relative Pronoun, ὅς, ἥ, ὅ.—The nominative masculine and feminine singular and plural, ὁ, ἡ, οἱ, αἱ, have no accent in codices and most printed books, except when used as the relative; but ὁ, ἡ, οἱ, αἱ differ only in writing from ὃ, ἣ, οἳ, α; the nominative forms of the article are said by Hdn.Gr.1.474 to be oxytone, and by [[ 2nd c.AD: Apollonius Dyscolus Grammaticus “de Pronominibus;” 8.7 not to be enclitic. The forms τῶν, τοῖς, ταῖς were barytone (i. e. τὼν, τοὶς, ταὶς)] Refs 2nd c.AD+] in Aeolic dialect accusative to [[ 3rd-2nd c.BC: Aristarchus Grammaticus cited in 2nd c.AD: Apollonius Dyscolus Grammaticus “de Syntaxi;” 51.26. For οἱ, αἱ some dialects (not 5th c.AD: Cypria, compare “Inscription Cyprian dialect” 135.30H., nor Cretan dialect, compare “Leg.Gort.” 5.28, nor Lesbian, compare 7th-6th c.BC: Alcaeus Lyricus 81, 7th-6th c.BC: Sappho Lyrica “Papyrus fragments” in E. Diehl, 5.1) and 8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus have τοί, ταί (though οἱ, αἱ are also found in 8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus): other Homeric forms are _genitive_ _sing._ τοῖο,] Refs 8th c.BC+] genitive and dative dual τοῖιν [[ 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 18.34, +others: _genitive_ _plural_ _feminine_ τάων [ᾱ], _dative_ τοῖσι, τῇς and τῇσι, never ταῖσι or ταῖς in 8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus ] Refs 8th c.BC+]— In Doric dialect and all other dialects except Attic dialect and Ionic dialect the feminine forms preserve the old ᾱ instead of changing it to η, hence Doric dialect etc. ἁ, τάν, τᾶ; the genitive plural τάων contracts in many dialects to τᾶ; the genitive singular is in many places τῶ, accusative plural τώς, but Cretan dialect, etc., τόνς [[(“Leg.Gort.” 7.7, +others) or τός ([prev. work]3.50, +others) ] Refs]; in Lesbian Aeolic dialect the accusative plural forms are τοὶς, ταὶς, [[ “IG” 12(2).645 A 13, B 62 ] Refs]; dative plural τοῖς, ταῖς (or τοὶς, ταὶς, see above), [[[prev. work]645 A 8, [prev. work]1.6 ] Refs]; ταῖσι as demonstrative, [[ 7th-6th c.BC: Sappho Lyrica 16. The _Attic dialect_] Refs 7th c.BC+] Poets also used the Ionic dialect and _Epic dialect_ forms τοῖσι, ταῖσ; and in Trag. we find τοὶ μέν.., τοὶ δέ.., for οἱ μέν.., οἱ δέ.., not only in Lyric poetry, as [[ 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Persae” 584, “Th.” 295, 298; οἱ μέν.. τοὶ δ᾽ 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Ajax” 1404 (_anapaest meter_) ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; but even in a trimeter, [[ 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Persae” 424. In _Attic dialect_ the dual has usually only one gender, τὼ θεώ (for τὰ θεά) 5th-6th c.BC: Andocides Orator 1.113 ] Refs 5th c.BC+] {ὅ}; τὼ πόλεε Foed. cited in [[ 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 5.23; τὼ ἡμέρα 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 1.2.11; τὼ χεῖρε [prev. author] “Mem.” 2.3.18; τοῖν χεροῖν 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Theaetetus” 155e; τοῖν γενεσέοιν [prev. author] “Phd.” 71e; τοῖν πολέοιν 5th-6th c.BC: Isocrates Orator 4.75 (τά 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Antigone” 769, 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Equites” 424, 484, ταῖν 5th c.BC: Lysias Orator 19.17, 4th c.BC: Isaeus Orator 5.16, etc. have been corrected) ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; in [[ 4th c.AD(?): Arcadius Grammaticus the form τοῖς] Refs 4th c.AD+] functions as genitive dual feminine, μεσακόθεν τοῖς κράναιυν [[ “Schwyzer” 664.8 (Orchom., 4th c.BC):] Refs 4th c.BC+] —in Elean and _Boeotian dialect_ ὁ, ἡ (ἁ), τό, with the addition of -ί, ={ὅδε}, ἥδε, τόδε, _nominative_ _plural_ _masculine_ τυΐ the following men, [[ “Schwyzer” 485.14 (Thespiae, 3rd c.BC), +others, compare infr. VIII. 5. (With ὁ, ἁ,] Refs 3rd c.BC+] cf. Sanskrit demonstrative pronoun sa, sā, Gothic sa, sō, ONorse sá, sú, Old Latin accusative sum, sam (Enn.): —with τό [from *τόδ] cf. Sanskrit tat (tad), Latin is-tud, Gothic pata: —with τοί cf. Sanskrit te, Lithuanian tĩe, O[[ 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus ] Refs 5th c.BC+] pá, etc.:—with τάων cf. Sanskrit tāsām, Latin is-tarum:— the origin of the relative ὅς, ἥ, ὅ (which see) is different.)
__A ὁ, ἡ, τό, DEMONSTR. PRONOUN, that, the oldest and in [[ 8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus ] Refs 8th c.BC+] the commonest sense: frequently also in [[ 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus (1.86, 5.35, +others)] Refs 5th c.BC+], and sometimes in Trag. (mostly in Lyric poetry, [[ 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Supplices” 1047, etc.; in trimeters, [prev. author] “Th.” 197, “Ag.” 7, “Eu.” 174 ] Refs 4th c.BC+]; τῶν γάρ.., τῆς γάρ.., [[ [prev. author] “Supp.” 358, 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Tyrannus” 1082 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; seldom in Attic dialect Prose, except in special phrases, see infr. VI, VII):
__A.I joined with a substantive, to call attention to it, ὁ Τυδεΐδης he—Tydeus' famous son, [[ 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 11.660 ] Refs 8th c.BC+]; τὸν Χρύσην that venerable man Chryses, I.II: and so with appellative, Νέστωρ ὁ γέρων N.—thataged man, [[ 7.324 ] Refs]; αἰετοῦ.. τοῦ θηρητῆρος the eagle, that which is called hunter, [[ 21.252, +others ] Refs]; also to define and give emphasis, τιμῆς τῆς Πριάμου for honour, namely that of Priam, [[ 20.181 ] Refs]; οἴχετ᾽ ἀνὴρ ὤριστος a man is gone, and he the best, [[ 11.288, compare 13.433, +others: sometimes with words between the _pronoun_ and Noun, αὐτὰρ ὁ αὖτε Πέλοψ 2.105; τὸν Ἕκτορι μῦθον ἐνίσπες 11.186, compare 703, +others] Refs]:—different from this are cases [[like 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 1.409 αἴ κέν πως ἐθέλῃσιν ἐπὶ Τρώεσσιν ἀρῆξαι, τοὺς δὲ κατὰ πρύμνας τε καὶ ἀμφ᾽ ἅλα ἔλσαι Ἀχαιούς] Refs 8th c.BC+] if he would help the Trojans, but drive those back to the ships—I mean the Achaeans, where Ἀχ. is only added to explain τούς, compare [[ 1.472, 4.20, 329, +others ] Refs]
__A.III placed after its Noun, before the Relat. Prons., ἐφάμην σὲ περὶ φρένας ἔμμεναι ἄλλων, τῶν ὅσσοι Λυκίην ναιετάουσι far above the rest, above those to wit who, etc., [[ 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 17.172 ] Refs 8th c.BC+]; οἷ᾽ οὔ πώ τιν᾽ ἀκούομεν οὐδὲ παλαιῶν, τάων αἳ πάρος ἦσαν.. Ἀχαιαί such as we have not heard tell of yet even among the women of old, those women to wit who.., [[ 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 2.119, compare 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 5.332; θάλαμον τὸν ἀφίκετο, τόν ποτε τέκτων ξέσσεν 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 21.43, compare 1.116, 10.74:] Refs 8th c.BC+] —for the _Attic dialect_ usage see below
__A.IV before a Possessive pronoun its demonstrative force is sometimes very manifest, φθίσει σε τὸ σὸν μένος that spirit of thine, [[ 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 6.407, compare 11.608; but in 15.58, 16.40, and elsewhere it is merely the _Article_ ] Refs 8th c.BC+]
__A.V for cases in which the Homeric usage approaches most nearly to the Attic, see below [[ 5th c.BC: Bacchylides Lyricus [near the start] ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__A.VI ὁ μέν.., ὁ δέ.. without a substantive, in all cases, genders, and numbers, [[ 8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus, etc.: sometimes in Opposition, where ὁ μέν] Refs 8th c.BC+] properly refers to the former, ὁ δέ to the latter; more rarely ὁ μέν the latter, ὁ δέ the former, [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Protagoras” 359e, 5th-6th c.BC: Isocrates Orator 2.32,34] Refs 5th c.BC+]: sometimes in Partition, the one.., the other.., etc.—The Noun with it is regularly in genitive plural, being divided by the ὁ μέν.., ὁ δέ.., into parts, ἠΐθεοι καὶ παρθένοι.., τῶν δ᾽ αἱ μὲν λεπτὰς ὀθόνας ἔχον, οἱ δὲ χιτῶνας εἵατο [[ 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 18.595; τῶν πόλεων αἱ μὲν τυραννοῦνται, αἱ δὲ δημοκρατοῦνται, αἱ δὲ ἀριστοκρατοῦνται 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 338d, etc.] Refs 8th c.BC+]: but frequently the Noun is in the same case, by a kind of apposition, ἴδον υἷε Δάρητος, τὸν μὲν ἀλευάμενον τὸν δὲ κτάμενον [[ 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 5.28, compare 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 12.73, etc.] Refs 8th c.BC+]: so in Trag. and Attic dialect, [[ 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Antigone” 22, etc.; πηγὴ ἡ μὲν εἰς αὐτὸν ἔδυ, ἡ δὲ ἔξω ἀπορρεῖ 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Phaedrus” 255c ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; if the Noun be collective, it is in the genitive singular, ὁ μὲν πεπραμένος ἦν τοῦ σίτου, ὁ δὲ ἔνδον ἀποκείμενος [[ 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 42.6: sometimes a Noun is added in apposition with ὁ μέν or ὁ δέ, ὁ μὲν οὔτασ᾽ Ἀτύμνιον ὀξέϊ δουρὶ Ἀντίλοχος.., Μάρις δὲ.. 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 16.317 - 19, compare 116; τοὺς μὲν τὰ δίκαια ποιεῖν ἠνάγκασα, τοὺς πλουσίους, τοὺς δὲ πένητας κτλ. 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 18.102, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Gorgias” 501a, etc. ] Refs 8th c.BC+]
__A.VI.6 ὁ δέ following μέν sometimes refers to the subject of the preceding clause, τοῦ μὲν ἅμαρθ᾽, ὁ δὲ Λεῦκον.. βεβλήκει [[ 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 4.491; τὴν μὲν γενομένην αὐτοῖσι αἰτίην οὐ μάλα ἐξέφαινε, ὁ δὲ ἔλεγέ σφι 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 6.3, compare 1.66, 6.9, 133, 7.6 ] Refs 8th c.BC+]: rare in Attic dialect Prose, ἐπεψήφιζεν αὐτὸς ἔφορος ὤν· ὁ δὲ οὐκ ἔφη διαγιγνώσκειν τὴν βοήν [[ 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.87; ἔμενον ὡς κατέχοντες τὸ ἄκρον· οἱ δ᾽ οὐ κατεῖχον 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Anabasis” 4.2.6: this is different from ὁ δέ in apodosi, see below 7; also from passages in which both clauses have a common verb, see at {ὅ γε} 11. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__A.VI.7 ὁ δέ is frequently used simply in continuing a narrative, [[ 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 1.43, etc.] Refs 8th c.BC+]; also used by [[ 8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus in apodosi after a _relative_, see at {ὅδε} III.3. ] Refs 8th c.BC+]
__A.VI.8 the opposition may be expressed otherwise than by μέν and δέ, οὔθ᾽ ὁ.. οὔθ᾽ ὁ [[ 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 15.417; ἢ τοῖσιν ἢ τοῖς 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Supplices” 439; οὔτε τοῖς οὔτε τοῖς 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Leges” 701e. ] Refs 8th c.BC+]
__A.VII the following usages prevailed in Attic dialect Prose,
__A.VII.1 in dialogue, after καί, it was usual to say in nominative singular masculine καὶ ὅ; in the other cases the usual forms of the Article were used (see. ὅς [[ 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus ] Refs 4th c.BC+] II.I and cf. Sanskrit sas, alternatative form of sa); so, in accusative, καὶ τὸν εἰπεῖν [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Symposium” 174a, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 1.3.9, etc.; also in 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus, καὶ τὴν φράσαι 6.61, +others ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__A.VII.2 ὁ καὶ ὁ such and such, τῇ καὶ τῇ ἀτιμίᾳ [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Leges” 721b ] Refs 5th c.BC+]: but mostly in accusative, καί μοι κάλει τὸν καὶ τόν [[ 5th c.BC: Lysias Orator 1.23, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Leges” 784d; τὰ καὶ τὰ πεπονθώς 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 21.141, compare 9.68; τὸ καὶ τό [prev. author] 18.243 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; ἀνάγκη ἄρα τὸ καὶ τό it must then be so and so, [[ 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Rhetorica” 1401a4, compare 1413a22 ] Refs 4th c.BC+]; but τὰ καὶ τά now one thing, now another, of good and bad, τὸν δ᾽ ἀγαθὸν τολμᾶν χρὴ τά τε καὶ τὰ φέρειν [[ 6th c.BC: Theognis Elegiacus 398, compare 5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “P.” 5.55, 7.20, +others; τῶν τε καὶ τῶν καιρόν [prev. author] “O.” 2.53 ] Refs 6th c.BC+]; so πάντα τοῦ μετρίου μεταβαλλόμενα ἐπὶ τὰ καὶ ἐπὶ τά, of excess and defect, [[ 5th c.BC: Hippocrates Medicus “περὶ διαίτης ὀξέων” 46; compare 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus VI.8. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__A.VIII absolutely usages of single cases,
__A.VIII.1 feminine dative τῇ, of Place, there, on that spot, here, this way, that way, [[ 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 5.752, 858, +others: followed by ᾗ, 13.52 ] Refs 8th c.BC+], etc.: also in Prose, τὸ μὲν τῇ, τὸ δὲ τῇ [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Respublica Atheniensium” 2.12. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__A.VIII.1.b with a notion of motion towards, that way, in that direction, [[ 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 10.531, 11.149, 12.124; τῇ ἴμεν ᾗ.. 15.46; δελφῖνες τῇ καὶ τῇ ἐθύνεον ἰχθυάοντες 8th-7th c.BC: Hesiodus Epicus “Scutum Herculis” 210:] Refs 8th c.BC+] —only poetry
__A.VIII.1.c of Manner, τῇ περ τελευτήσεσθαι ἔμελλεν in this way, thus, [[ 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 8.510. ] Refs 8th c.BC+]
__A.VIII.1.d repeated, τῇ μέν.., τῇ δέ.., in one way.., in another.., or partly.., partly.., [[ 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Orestes” 356, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Symposium” 211a, etc.: without μέν, τῇ μᾶλλον, τῇ δ᾽ ἧσσον 4th-5th c.BC: Parmenides Poeta Philosophus 8.48. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__A.VIII.1.e relative, where, by which way, only Epic dialect, as [[ 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 12.118, 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 4.229. ] Refs 8th c.BC+]
__A.VIII.2 neuter dative τῷ, therefore, on this account, frequently in [[ 8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus, 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 1.418, 2.254, +others (see. below): also in Trag., 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Prometheus Vinctus” 239, 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Tyrannus” 510 (Lyric poetry); in Prose, τῷ τοι.. 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Theaetetus” 179d, “Sph.” 230b. ] Refs 8th c.BC+]
__A.VIII.2.b thus, so, [[ 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 2.373, 13.57, etc.: it may also, especially when εἰ] Refs 8th c.BC+] precedes, be translated, then, if this be so, on this condition, [[ 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 1.239, 3.224, 258, +others, 3rd c.BC: Theocritus Poeta Bucolicus 29.11.—In 8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus the true form is probably τῶ, as in codex A, or τώ,compare 2nd c.AD: Apollonius Dyscolus Grammaticus “de Adverbiis;” 199.2. ] Refs 8th c.BC+]
__A.VIII.3 neuter accusative τό, wherefore, [[ 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 3.176, 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 8.332, +others, 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Philoctetes” 142 (Lyric poetry) ] Refs 8th c.BC+]; also τὸ δέ absolutely, but the fact is.., [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Apologia” 23a, “Men.” 97c, “Phd.” 109d, “Tht.” 157b, “R.” 340d, “Lg.” 967a ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; even when the τό refers to what precedes, the contrast may lie not in the thing referred to, but in another part of the sentence (compare above[[ VI. 6), τὸ δ᾽ ἐπὶ κακουργίᾳ.. ἐπετήδευσαν 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.37; τὸ δὲ.. ἡμῖν μᾶλλον περιέσται [prev. author] 2.89 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; φασὶ δέ τινες αὐτὸν καὶ τῶν ἑπτὰ σοφῶν γεγονέναι· τὸ δὲ οὐκ ἦν but he was not, [[ 1st c.BC: Nicolaus Damascenus Historicus 58J. ] Refs 1st c.BC+]
__A.VIII.4 τὸ μέν.., τὸ δέ.., partly.., partly.., or on the one hand.., on the other.., [[ 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 7.36, etc., compare 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 2.46 ] Refs 8th c.BC+]; more frequently τὰ μέν.., τὰ δέ.., [[ 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 1.173, 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Trachiniae” 534, etc.; also τὰ μέν τι.., τὰ δέ τι.. 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Anabasis” 4.1.14; τὸ μέν τι.., τὸ δέ τι.. 2nd c.AD: Lucianus Sophista “Macr.” 14; τὰ μέν.., τὸ δὲ πλέον.. 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.90: sometimes without τὸ μέν.. ] Refs 5th c.BC+] in the first clause, τὸ δέ τι [[ [prev. author] 1.107, 7.48: rarely of Time, τὰ μὲν πολλὰ.., τέλος δέ] Refs] several times.. and finally, [[ 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 3.85. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__A.VIII.5 of Time, sometimes that time, sometimes this (present) time, συνμαχία κ᾽ ἔα ἑκατὸν ϝέτεα, ἄρχοι δέ κα τοΐ (where it is possible, but not necessary, to supply ϝέτος) [[ “SIG” 9.3 (Olympia, 6th c.BC): so with Preps., ἐκ τοῦ, _Epic dialect_ τοῖο,] Refs 6th c.BC+] from that time, [[ 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 1.493, 15.601. ] Refs 8th c.BC+]
__A.VIII.5.c in Thess. Prose, ὑππρὸ τᾶς yesterday, τὰ ψαφίσματα τό τε ὑππρὸ τᾶς γενόμενον καὶ τὸ τᾶμον the decree which was passed yesterday (literal before this [day]), and to-day's, [[ “IG” 9(2).517.43 (Larissa, 3rd c.BC). ] Refs 3rd c.BC+]
__A.VIII.6 ἐν τοῖς is frequently used in Prose with Superlatives, ἐν τοῖσι θειότατον a most marvellous thing, [[ 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 7.137 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; ἐν τοῖς πρῶτοι the very first, [[ 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.6, etc.] Refs 5th c.BC+]; ἐν τοῖσι πρῶτος (πρώτοις codices) [[ 5th c.BC: Pherecrates Comicus 145.4 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; [Ζεὺς] Ἔρωτά τε καὶ Ἀνάγκην ἐν τοῖς πρῶτα ἐγέννησεν first of all, [[ 2nd c.AD: Aristides Rhetor “Orationes” 43(1).16, compare 37(2).2: when used with _feminine_ Nouns, ἐν τοῖς remained without change of gender, ἐν τοῖς πλεῖσται δὴ νῆες] Refs 2nd c.AD+] the greatest number of ships, [[ 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 3.17; ἐν τοῖς πρώτη ἐγένετο (i.e. ἡ στάσις) [prev. work] 82 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]: also with adverbs, ἐν τοῖς μάλιστα [[ [prev. author] 8.90, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Crito” 52a, 1st-2nd c.AD: Plutarchus Biographus et Philosophus 2.74e, 421d, 723e, “Brut.” 6, 11, +others, 2nd c.AD: Pausanias Periegeta 1.16.3, etc.; ἐν τοῖς χαλεπώτατα 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 7.71; τὴν Αἴγυπτον ἐν τοῖς μάλιστα μελάγγειον οὖσαν 1st-2nd c.AD: Plutarchus Biographus et Philosophus 2.364c ] Refs 5th c.BC+]: in late Prose, also with Positives, ἐν τοῖς παράδοξον [[ 2nd c.AD: Aristides Rhetor “Orationes” 48(24).47 codices; with πάνυ, ἐν τοῖς πάνυ 1st c.BC: Dionysius Halicarnassensis 1.19, compare 66 (ἐν ταῖς πάνυ _falsa lectio_ 4.14, 15). ] Refs 1st c.BC+]
__B ὁ, ἡ, τό, THE DEFINITE ARTICLE, the, to specify individuals: rare in this signification in the earliest Gr., becoming commoner later. In [[ 8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus ] Refs 8th c.BC+] the demonstrative force can generally be traced, [[see above 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus ] Refs 4th c.BC+] I, but the definite Article must be recognized in places [[like 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 1.167, 7.412, 9.309, 12.289, 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 19.372 ] Refs 8th c.BC+]: also when joined to an adjective to make it a substantive, αἰὲν ἀποκτείνων τὸν ὀπίστατον the hindmost man, [[ 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 11.178; τὸν ἄριστον 17.80; τὸν δύστηνον 22.59; τὸν προὔχοντα 23.325; τῷ πρώτῳ.., τῷ δευτέρῳ.., etc., [prev. work] 265s q] Refs 8th c.BC+].; also in τῶν ἄλλων [[ 2.674, +others: with Advs., τὸ πρίν 24.543, +others; τὸ πάρος περ 17.720; τὸ πρόσθεν 23.583 ] Refs]; also τὸ τρίτον[[ [prev. work] 733; τὰ πρῶτα 1.6, +others] Refs]; τὸ μὲν ἄλλο for the rest,[[ 23.454; ἀνδρῶν τῶν τότε 9.559.] Refs]—The true Article, however, is first fully established in fifth-century. Attic dialect, whilst the demonstrative usage disappears, except in a few cases, V. [[ 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus VI-VIII.] Refs 4th c.BC+] —Chief usages, especially in _Attic dialect_
__B.I not only with common Appellats., adjectives, and Parts., to specify them as present to sense or mind, but also frequently where we use the Possessive pronoun, τὸ κέαρ ηὐφράνθην [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Acharnenses” 5 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; τὴν κεφαλὴν κατεάγην my head was broken, [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Andocides Orator 1.61, etc. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; τοὺς φίλους ποιούμεθα we make our friends, [[ 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Antigone” 190 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; τὰς πόλεις ἔκτιζον they began founding their cities, [[ 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.12; οὐχ ὑπὲρ τὴν οὐσίαν ποιούμενοι τοὺς παῖδας 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 372b. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__B.I.b omitted with proper nounsand frequently with Appellats. which require no specification, as θεός, βασιλεύς, see at {θεός} [[ I.1, βασιλεύς] Refs] III; ἐμ πόλει in the Acropolis, [[ “IG” 12.4.1, +others: but added to proper nouns, when attention is to be called to the previous mention of the person, as 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus (3.70) speaks first of Πειθίας and then refers to him repeatedly as ὁ Π.] Refs 5th c.BC+]; compare Θράσυλος in [[ [prev. author] 8.104, with ὁ Θ. [prev. work] 105 ] Refs]; or when the person spoken of is to be specially distinguished, Ζεύς, ὅστις ὁ Ζεύς whoever this Zeus is, [[ 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Fragmenta” 480 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; and therefore properly omitted when a special designation follows, as Σωκράτης ὁ φιλόσοφος: seldom in Trag. with proper nouns, save to give peculiar emphasis, like Latin ille, ὁ Λάϊος, ὁ Φοῖβος, [[ 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Tyrannus” 729, “El.” 35, etc.: later, however, the usage became very common (the Homeric usage of ὁ with a _proper name_ is different, see A.I). ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__B.I.c Aristotle says Σωκράτης meaning the historical Socrates, as in [[ “SE” 183b7, “PA” 642a28, +others, but ὁ Σωκράτης] Refs] when he means the Platonic Socrates, as [[ “Pol.” 1261a6, +others: so with other proper nouns, “EN” 1145a21, 1146a21, +others ] Refs]
__B.I.d for Σαῦλος ὁ καὶ Παῦλος, etc., see at {καί} [[ 5th c.BC: Bacchylides Lyricus 2. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__B.I.2 in a generic sense, where the individual is treated as a type, οἷς ὁ γέρων μετέῃσιν.. λεύσσει [[ 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 3.109; πονηρὸν ὁ συκοφάντης 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 18.242, etc. ] Refs 8th c.BC+]
__B.I.3 of outstanding members of a class, ὁ γεωγράφος, ὁ κωμικός, ὁ ποιητής, ὁ τεχνικός, see at {γεωγράφος}, κωμικός, ποιητής, τεχνικός.
__B.I.4 with infinitives, which thereby become Substantives, τὸ εἴργειν prevention, [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Gorgias” 505b ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; τὸ φρονεῖν good sense, [[ 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Antigone” 1348 (_anapaest meter_), etc.: when the subject is expressed it is put between the _Article_ and the ] Refs 5th c.BC+]infinitive, τὸ θεοὺς εἶναι the existence of gods, [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Phaedo” 62b ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; τὸ μηδένα εἶναι ὄλβιον the fact or statement that no one is happy, [[ 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 1.86. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__B.I.5 in neuter before any word or expression which itself is made the object of thought, τὸ ἄνθρωπος the word or notion man; τὸ λέγω the word λέγ; τὸ μηδὲν ἄγαν the sentiment 'ne quid nimis', [[ 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Hippolytus” 265 (Lyric poetry)] Refs 5th c.BC+]; τὸ τῇ αὐτῇ the phrase τῇ αὐτῇ, [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Meno” 72e: and so before whole clauses, ἡ δόξα.. περὶ τοῦ οὕστινας δεῖ ἄρχειν] Refs 5th c.BC+] the opinion about the question 'who ought to rule', [[ [prev. author] “R.” 431e ] Refs]; τὸ ἐὰν μένητε παρ᾽ ἐμοί, ἀποδώσω the phrase 'I will give back, if.. ', [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 5.1.21, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 327c, etc.; τοὺς τοῦ τί πρακτέον λογισμούς 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 23.148 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; τὸ ὀλίγοι the term few, [[ 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Politica” 1283b11. ] Refs 4th c.BC+]
__B.I.6 before relative clauses, when the Article serves to combine the whole relative clause into one notion, τῇ ᾗ φὴς σὺ σκληρότητι the harshness you speak of, [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Cratylus” 435a ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; τὸν ἥμερον καρπόν.., καὶ τὸν ὅσος ξύλινος (i.e. καὶ τὸν καρπὸν ὅσος ἂν ᾖ ξύλινος) [[ [prev. author] “Criti.” 115b; τῶν ὅσοι ἂν.. ἀγαθοὶ κριθῶσιν [prev. author] “R.” 469b; ἐκ γῆς καὶ πυρὸς μείξαντες καὶ τῶν ὅσα πυρὶ καὶ γῇ κεράννυται [prev. author] “Prt.” 320d, compare 4th c.BC: Hyperides Orator “pro Lycophrone” 2; ταύτην τε τὴν αἰτίαν καὶ τὴν ὅθεν ἡ κίνησις 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Metaphysica” 987a8; τὸν ὃς ἔφη 5th c.BC: Lysias Orator 23.8: hence the _relative_, by attraction, frequently follows the case of the _Article_, τοῖς οἵοις ἡμῖν τε καὶ ὑμῖν, i.e. τοῖς οὖσιν οἷοι ἡμεῖς καὶ ὑμεῖς, 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Historia Graeca (Hellenica)” 2.3.25, etc. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__B.I.7 before Prons.,
__B.I.7.a before the person Prons., giving them greater emphasis, but only in accusative, τὸν ἐμέ [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Theaetetus” 166a, “Phlb.” 20b ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; τὸν.. σὲ καὶ ἐμέ[[ [prev. work] 59b; τὸν αὑτόν [prev. author] “Phdr.” 258a; on ὁ αὐτός, see at {αὐτός} 111. ] Refs]
__B.I.7.b before the interrogative pronoun (both τίς and ποῖος), referring to something before, which needs to be more distinctly specified, [[ 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Prometheus Vinctus” 251, 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Pax” 696; also τὰ τ; because οἷα went before, [prev. work] 693. Of τίς only the _neuter_ is thus used (see.above): ποῖος is thus used not only in _neuter_ _plural_, τὰ ποῖ; 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Phoenissae” 707; but also in the other genders, ὁ ποῖο; [prev. work] 1704 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; τῆς ποίας μερίδο; [[ 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 18.64 ] Refs 4th c.BC+]; τοῖς ποίοις..; [[ 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Physica” 227b1. ] Refs 4th c.BC+]
__B.I.7.c with τοιοῦτος, τοιόσδε, τηλικοῦτος, etc., the Article either makes the pronoun into a substantive, ὁ τοιοῦτος that sort of person, [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Memorabilia” 4.2.21, etc.] Refs 5th c.BC+]; or subjoins it to a substantive which already has an Article, τὴν ἀπολογίαν τὴν τοιαύτην [[ 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 41.13. ] Refs 4th c.BC+]
__B.I.8 before ἅπας, [[ 5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “N.” 1.69, 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 3.64, 7.153 (assuming variant), 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Coloneus” 1224 (Lyric poetry), 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 18.231, etc.] Refs 5th c.BC+]; also τὸν ἕνα, τὸν ἕνα τοῦτον, [[ 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Politica” 1287b8, 1288a19: on its usage with ἕκαστος,] Refs 4th c.BC+] see entry; and on οἱ ἄλλοι, οἱ πολλοί, etc., see at {ἄλλος} [[ 11.6, πολύς 11.3, etc. ] Refs]
__B.I.9 the Article with the comparative is rare, if ἤ follows, [[ 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Antigone” 313, “OC” 796. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__B.II elliptic expressions:
__B.II.1 before the genitive of a proper name, to express descent, son or daughter, Θουκυδίδης ὁ Ὀλόρου (i.e. υἱός) [[ 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 4.104 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; Ἑλένη ἡ τοῦ Διός (i.e. θυγάτηρ) [[ 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Helena” 470 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]: also to denote other relationships, e.g. brother, [[ 5th c.BC: Lysias Orator 32.24, 4th c.AD: Alciphro Epistolographus 2.2.10 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; ἡ Σμικυθίωνος Μελιστίχη M.the wife of [[ 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus, 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Ecclesiazusae” 46 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; Κλέαρχος καὶ οἱ ἐκείνου Cl. and his men, [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Anabasis” 1.2.15 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; ὁ τοῦ Ἀντιγένεος the slave of [[ 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus, 5th c.BC: Hippocrates Medicus “περὶ χυμῶν” 20. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__B.II.2 generally, before a genitive it indicates a wider relation, as τὸ τῶν νεῶν, τὸ τῶν Ἑρμῶν, the matter of the ships, the affair of the Hermae, [[ 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 4.23, 6.60 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; τὰ τοῦ Ἀρριβαίου πράσσειν to promote the interests of Arrhibaeus, [[ [prev. author] 4.83, compare 6.89, etc.] Refs]; τὸ τῆς τύχης,=ἡ τύχη, [[ [prev. author] 4.18 ] Refs]; τὰ τῆς τύχης accidents, chance events, [[[prev. work] 55 ] Refs]; τὰ γὰρ φθιτῶν τοῖς ὁρῶσι κόσμος performance of the rites due to the dead befits the living, [[ 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Supplices” 78 (Lyric poetry)] Refs 5th c.BC+]; τὰ τῶν θεῶν that which is destined by the gods, [[ 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Trachiniae” 498 (Lyric poetry): hence with _neuter_ of Possessive _pronoun_, τὸ ἐμόν, τὸ σόν,] Refs 5th c.BC+] what regards me or thee, my or thy business or interests, [[ 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Ajax” 124, “El.” 251, etc.] Refs 5th c.BC+]: and with genitive of [[ 3 _person_, τὸ τῆσδε 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Hippolytus” 48. But τό τινος] Refs 5th c.BC+] is frequently also, a man's word or saying, as τὸ τοῦ Σόλωνος [[ 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 1.86 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; τὸ τοῦ Ὁμήρου as Homer says, [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Theaetetus” 183e ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; also τά τινος so-and-so's house, [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Vespae” 1432, 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 54.7, 3rd c.BC: Theocritus Poeta Bucolicus 2.76, 3rd c.BC: Herodas Mimographus 5.52, NT.Luke.2.49. ] NT+5th c.BC+]
__B.II.3 very frequently with cases governed by Preps.. αἱ ἐκ τῆς Ζακύνθου νῆες the ships from Zacynthus, [[ 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 4.13; οἱ ἀμφί τινα, οἱ περί τινα, such an one and his followers, see at {ἀμφί} with 1.3, περί with 1.2 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; also τὰ ἐπὶ Θρᾴκης the Thrace-ward district, [[ 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.59, +others] Refs 5th c.BC+]; τὰ ἀπὸ τοῦ καταστρώματος matters on deck, [[ [prev. author] 7.70 ] Refs]; τὰ ἀπ᾽ Ἀλκιβιάδου the proposals of Alcibiades, [[ [prev. author] 8.48 ] Refs]; τὰ ἀπὸ τῆς τύχης the incidents of fortune, [[ [prev. author] 2.87, etc. ] Refs]
__B.II.4 on μὰ τόν, μὰ τήν, etc., see at {μά} IV.
__B.II.5 in elliptical phrases, ἐπορευόμην τὴν ἔξω τείχους (i.e. ὁδόν) [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Lysis” 203a; ἡ ἐπὶ θανάτῳ (i.e. στολή, δέσις), see at {θάνατος}; κατὰ τὴν ἐμήν (i.e. γνώμην), see at {ἐμός} II.4 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; ἡ αὔριον (i.e. ἡμέρα), see at {αὔριον}; ἡ Λυδιστί (i.e. ἁρμονία) [[ 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Politica” 1342b32, etc.: frequently with Advs., which thus take an adjective sense, as ὁ, ἡ, τὸ νῦν] Refs 4th c.BC+]; ὁ οἴκαδε πλοῦς [[ 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.52; οἱ τότε, οἱ ἔπειτα (i.e. ἄνθρωποι), [prev. work] 9, 10 ] Refs 5th c.BC+], etc.; but τό stands absolutely with Advs. of time and place, when one cannot (as in the preceding instances) supply a substantive, as κἀκεῖσε καὶ τὸ δεῦρο [[ 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Phoenissae” 266, compare [315] (Lyric poetry)] Refs 5th c.BC+]; ὁ μὲν τὸ κεῖθεν, ὁ δὲ τὸ κεῖθεν [[ [prev. author] “Or.” 1412 (Lyric poetry): rarely _absolutely_ in _genitive_, ἰέναι τοῦ πρόσω to go forward, 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Anabasis” 1.3.1; τοῦ προσωτάτω δραμεῖν 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Ajax” 731. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__D.a Attic dialect ὁ, ἡ, τό, with ᾰ make ᾱ, as ἁνήρ, ἁλήθεια, τἀγαθόν, τᾄτιο; so οἱ, αἱ, τά, as ἅνδρες, τἀγαθ; also τοῦ, τῷ, as τἀγαθοῦ, τἀγαθῷ: ὁ, τό, οἱ, before e gives ου, οὑξ, οὑπί, οὑμός, τοὔργον, οὑπιχώριοι, etc.; also τοῦ, as τοὐμοῦ, τοὐπιόντο; but ἅτερος, θάτερον ([musical notation]), Ionic dialect οὕτερος, τοὔτερον (see. ἕτερος), Attic dialect feminine ἡτέρα, dative θητέρᾳ (see. ἕτερος); τῷ loses the iota, τὠμῷ, τὠπιόντι: ὁ, τό, before ο gives ου, as Οὁδυσσεύς, Οὑλύμπιος, τοὔνομα: ὁ, τό, etc., before αυ gives ᾱυ, αὑτός, ταὐτό, ταὐτῷ (frequently written ἁτός, etc. in Inscrr. and Papyrus); so τὰ αὐτά=ταὐτά, αἱ αὐταί=αὑταί: ἡ before εὐ gives ηὑ, as ηὑλάβεια: τῇ before ἡ gives θη, as θἠμέρᾳ: τὸ before ὑ gives θου, as θοὔδωρ for τὸ ὕδωρ.
__D.b other dialects: in their treatment of crasis these follow the local laws of contraction, hence, e.g., Doric dialect ὡξ from ὁ ἐξ [[ 3rd c.BC: Theocritus Poeta Bucolicus 1.65, ὥλαφος from ὁ ἔλαφος [prev. work] 135 ] Refs 3rd c.BC+]; Ionic dialect ᾡσυμνήτης from ὁ αἰς-[[ “SIG” 57.45 (Milet., 5th c.BC) ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; ὡυτή from ἡ αὐτή [[ 1st c.AD(?): Heraclitus 60, etc. ] Refs 1st c.AD+]
