χαλκός,
Cretan dialect καυχός [[ “GDI” 5011.4 (3rd c.BC)] Refs 3rd c.BC+], ὁ:— copper, χ. ἐρυθρός [[ 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 9.365; with reference to its polished surface, αἶθοψ, ἦνοψ, νῶροψ, φαεινός, 4.495, 16.408, 2.578, 12.151; Τρῶες.. χαλκῷ μαρμαίροντες 13.801; πεδίον.. λάμπετο χαλκῷ 20.156; τῆλε δὲ χ. λάμφ᾽ ὥς τε στεροπή 10.153, compare 11.65, 19.363; σάκος.. χαλκῷ παμφαῖνον 14.11 ] Refs 8th c.BC+]; and of the ornaments of a house, χαλκοῦ τε στεροπήν [[ 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 4.72 ] Refs 8th c.BC+]; of copper as the first metal that men learnt to smelt and work, τῶν δ᾽ ἦν χάλκεα μὲν τεύχεα, χάλκεοι δέ τε οἶκοι, χαλκῷ δ᾽ εἰργάζοντο, μέλας δ᾽ οὐκ ἔσκε σίδηρος [[ 8th-7th c.BC: Hesiodus Epicus “Opera et Dies” 151 ] Refs 8th c.BC+]; χ. ἐρυθρός (compare above) [[ 5th c.BC: Hippocrates Medicus “περὶ ἑλκῶν” 17, 4th-3rd c.BC: Theophrastus Philosophus “de Lapidibus” 57, 3rd c.BC(?): Callixinus Historicus 1; χ. ἐρυθρὸς καὶ λευκός 4th-3rd c.BC: Theophrastus Philosophus “de Odoribus” 71; χ. Κύπριος 2nd-1st c.BC: Posidonius Historicus 52J., 1st c.AD: Dioscorides (Dioscurides) Medicus 1.102, compare 2nd c.AD: Polyaenus Historicus 3.10.14 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; alloyed with tin to form bronze, the usual meaning of the word in [[ 8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus (see. below 11)] Refs 8th c.BC+] and frequently in later writers: σίδηρος δὲ καὶ χ. πολέμων ὄργανα [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Leges” 956a, etc.; χ. κεκραμένος 1st-2nd c.AD: Dio Chrysostomus Sophista 28.3. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__II in Poets frequently for anything made of metal, especially of arms (hence [[ 5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus calls it πολιός,] Refs 5th c.BC+] the proper epithet of iron, [[ “P.” 3.48) ] Refs]; of offensive arms, ὀξέϊ χαλκῷ, νηλέϊ χ., of a spear, a sword, [[ 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 4.540, 3.292, +others ] Refs 8th c.BC+]; of a knife, [[ 1.236, +others ] Refs]; of an axe, [[ 13.180, 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 5.244, +others ] Refs 8th c.BC+]; of a fish-hook, [[ 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 16.408 ] Refs 8th c.BC+]; of defensive arms, as the plates laid on a shield, [[ 20.275 ] Refs]; χαλκὸν ζώννυσθαι, of a warrior girding on his armour,[[ 23.130; κεκορυθμένος, αἴθοπι χ. 4.495; ἐδύσετο νώροπα χ. 2.578 ] Refs]; of both combined, πλάγχθη δ᾽ ἀπὸ χαλκόφι χαλκός the spear of bronze glanced off the helm of bronze, [[ 11.351. ] Refs]