__IV.6 of inanimate things, πᾶσα πολιτεία ψ. πόλεώς ἐστιν [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Isocrates Orator 12.138, compare 7.14; ἡ τῶνδε τῶν ἀνδρῶν ἀρετὴ τῆς Ἑλλάδος ἦν ψ. 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 60.23; οἷον ψ. ὁ μῦθος τῆς τραγῳδίας 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Poetica” 1450a38 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; also of the spirit of an author, [[ 1st c.BC: Dionysius Halicarnassensis “de Lysia” 11. ] Refs 1st c.BC+]
__V Philosophical uses:
__V.1 In the early physicists, of the primary substance, the source of life and consciousness, ὁρίζονται πάντες (i.e. οἱ πρότεροι) τὴν ψ. τρισίν, κινήσει, αἰσθήσει, τῷ ἀσωμάτῳ [[ 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “de Anima” 405b11; τὸν λίθον ἔφη [Θαλῆς] ψ. ἔχειν ὅτι τὸν σίδηρον κινεῖ, of the magnet, [prev. work] 405a20 ] Refs 4th c.BC+]; ψυχῇσιν θάνατος ὕδωρ γενέσθαι, ὕδατι δὲ θάνατος γῆν γενέσθαι, ἐκ γῆς δὲ ὕδωρ γίνεται, ἐξ ὕδατος δὲ ψ. (i.e. πῦρ) [[ 1st c.AD(?): Heraclitus 36; ἡ ψ. πνεῦμα 6th c.BC: Xenophanes Poeta Philosophus cited in 3rd c.AD(?): Diogenes Laertius 9.19 ] Refs 6th c.BC+]; καρδία ψυχῆς καὶ αἰσθήσιος [ἀρχά] [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Philolaus Philosophus 13; τοῦτο [ἀὴρ] αὐτοῖς καὶ ψ. ἐστι καὶ νόησις 4th c.BC: Diogenes Cynicus Philosophus Apoll.4; τὴν τῶν ἄλλων ἁπάντων φύσιν οὐ πιστεύεις Ἀναξαγόρᾳ νοῦν καὶ ψ. εἶναι τὴν διακοσμοῦσα; 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Cratylus” 400a, compare 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “de Anima” 404a25 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; Δημόκριτος πῦρ τι καὶ θερμόν θησιν αὐτὴν (i.e. ψυχὴν) εἶναι[[ [prev. work] 404a1, compare “Resp.” 472a4. ] Refs]
__V.2 the spirit of the universe, ψ. εἰς τὸ μέσον [τοῦ κόσμου] θείς [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Timaeus” 34b, compare 30b; τὴν τοῦ παντὸς δῆλον ὅτι τοιαύτην εἶναι βούλεται [ὁ Τίμαιος] οἷόν ποτ᾽ ἐστὶν ὁ καλούμενος νοῦς 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “de Anima” 407a3 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; ἐν τῷ ὅλῳ τινὲς [τὴν ψ.] μεμεῖχθαί φασιν, ὅθεν ἴσως καὶ Θαλῆς ᾠήθη πάντα πλήρη θεῶν εἶναι[[ [prev. work] 411a8; ὁ κόσμος ψ. ἐστὶν ἑαυτοῦ καὶ ἡγεμονικόν 3rd c.BC: Chrysippus Stoicus 2.186 ] Refs 3rd c.BC+]; ψ. [κόσμου] [[ 1st-2nd c.AD: Plutarchus Biographus et Philosophus 2.1013e, compare 2nd c.AD: Marcus Antoninus Imperator 4.40; ψ. ἐλθοῦσα εἰς σῶμα οὐρανοῦ 3rd c.AD: Plotinus Philosophus 5.1.2; τόδε τὸ πᾶν ψ. μίαν ἔχον εἰς πάντα αὐτοῦ μέρη [prev. author] 4.4.32 ] Refs 1st c.AD+]; περὶ ψυχᾶς κόσμου καὶ φύσιος, title of work by [[ 5th-4th c.BC: Timaeus Locrus Philosophus ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__V.3 In [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus ] Refs 5th c.BC+] the immaterial principle of movement and life, ὅταν παρῇ [ψυχὴ] τῷ σώματι, αἴτιόν ἐστι τοῦ ζῆν αὐτῷ [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Cratylus” 399d, compare “Def.” 411c; [ψυχῆς λόγον ἔχομεν] τὴν δυναμένην αὐτὴν αὑτὴν κινεῖν κίνησιν [prev. author] “Lg.” 896a; μεταβολῆς τε καὶ κινήσεως ἁπάσης αἰτία [ἡ ψ.] ἅπασιν [prev. work] b, compare 892c ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; its presence is requisite for thought, σοφία καὶ νοῦς ἄνευ ψ. οὐκ ἂν γενοίσθην [[ [prev. author] “Phlb.” 30c, compare “Ti.” 30b, “Sph.” 249a; defined by 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus as οὐσία ὡς εἶδος σώματος φυσικοῦ δυνάμει ζωὴν ἔχοντος “de An.” 412a20; ἐντελέχεια ἡ πρώτη σώματος φυσικοῦ ὀργανικοῦ [prev. work] 412b5 ] Refs 4th c.BC+]; the tripartite division of ψ., οἱ δὲ περὶ Πλάτωνα καὶ Ἀρχύτας καὶ οἱ λοιποὶ Πυθαγόρειοι τὴν ψ. τριμερῆ ἀποφαίνονται, διαιροῦντες εἰς λογισμὸν καὶ θυμὸν καὶ ἐπιθυμίαν [[ 4th c.AD: Iamblichus Philosophus cited in 5th c.AD: Stobaeus, Joannes 1.49.34, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 439e.ff; in 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus ἡ ψ. τούτοις ὥρισται, θρεπτικῷ, αἰσθητικῷ, διανοητικῷ, κινήσει· πότερον δὲ τοὔτων ἕκαστόν ἐστι ψ. ἢ ψυχῆς μόριο; “de An.” 413b11, compare “PA” 641b4; ἡ θρεπτικὴ ψ. [prev. author] “de An.” 434a22, +others] Refs 5th c.BC+]; in the Stoics and Epicureans, σῶμα ἡ ψ. Zeno and [[ 3rd c.BC: Chrysippus Stoicus 1.38 ] Refs 3rd c.BC+]; of the scala naturae, τὰ μὲν ἕξει διοικεῖται, τὰ δὲ φύσει, τὰ δ᾽ ἀλόγῳ ψ., τὰ δὲ καὶ λόγον ἐχούσῃ καὶ διάνοιαν [[ “Stoicorum Veterum Fragmenta” 2.150, compare 2nd c.AD: Marcus Antoninus Imperator 6.14; ἡ ψ. σῶμά ἐστι λεπτομερές.. προσεμφερέστατον πνεύματι θερμοῦ τινα κρᾶσιν ἔχοντι 4th-3rd c.BC: Epicurus Philosophus “Epistulae” 1p.19U.; τέλος.. τὸ μήτε ἀλγεῖν κατὰ σῶμα μήτε ταράττεσθαι κατὰ ψ. [prev. author] “Ep.” 3p.64U. ] Refs 4th c.BC+]; in the Neo-Platonists characterized by discursive thinking, τοὺς λογισμοὺς ψυχῆς εἶναι ἐνεργήματα [[ 3rd c.AD: Plotinus Philosophus 1.1.7 ] Refs 3rd c.AD+]; related to νοῦς as image to archetype, εἰκών τίς ἐστι νοῦ [ψ.] [[ [prev. author] 5.1.3 ] Refs]; present in entirety in every part, πάρεστι πᾶσα πανταχοῦ ψ. [[ [prev. author] 5.1.2, compare 4.7.5; φύσις ψ. οὖσα, γέννημα ψυχῆς προτέρας [prev. author] 3.8.4 ] Refs]; animal and vegetable bodies possess οἷον σκιὰν ψυχῆς [[ [prev. author] 4.4.18; πᾶν σῶμα.. ψυχῆς μετουσίᾳ κινεῖται ἐξ ἑαυτοῦ καὶ ζῇ διὰ ψ. 5th c.AD: Proclus Philosophus “Inst.” 20. ] Refs 5th c.AD+]
__VI butterfly or moth, [[ 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Historia Animalium” 551a14, 4th-3rd c.BC: Theophrastus Philosophus “Historia Plantarum” 2.4.4, 1st-2nd c.AD: Plutarchus Biographus et Philosophus 2.636c. ] Refs 4th c.BC+]
__VII Psyche, in the allegory of Psyche and Eros, [[ 4th c.AD(?): Apuleius Scriptor Botanicus “Metam.” books 4-6, Aristophontes cited in Fulg. “Myth.” 3.6. (See ancient speculations on the derivation, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Cratylus” 399d - 400a, 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “de Anima” 405b29, 3rd c.BC: Chrysippus Stoicus 2.222; 8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus usage gives little support to the derivation from ψύχω] Refs 8th c.BC+] 'blow, breathe'; τὸν δὲ λίπε ψ. [[ 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 5.696 ] Refs 8th c.BC+] means 'his spirit left his body', and so λειποψυχέω means 'swoon', not 'become breathless'; ἀπὸ δὲ ψ. ἐκάπυσσε [[ 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 22.467 ] Refs 8th c.BC+] means 'she gasped out her spirit', i.e. 'swooned'; the resemblance of ἄμπνυτο 'recovered consciousness' to ἀμπνέω 'recover breath' is deceptive, see at {ἄμπνυτο, ἔμπνυτο}: when concrete the Homeric ψ. is rather warm blood than breath,[[compare 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 14.518, 16.505, where the ψ.] Refs 8th c.BC+] escapes through a wound; compare ψυχοπότης, ψυχορροφέω, and [[ 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Electra” 786, 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Nubes” 712 (see. above 1).) ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
