τε , enclitic Particle, with two main uses (v. infr. A, B). as a Conjunction, τε . . τε , both . . and , joining single words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, the first τε merely pointing forward to t
τε, enclitic Particle, with two main uses (v. infr. A, B).
A. as a Conjunction,
I. τε . . τε,both . . and, joining single words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, the firstτεmerely pointing forward to the second, ἀνδρῶν τε θεῶν τε
Il. 1.544
; ἀγαθῶν τε κακῶν τε
Hes. Op. 669
; δίψῃ τε λιμῷ τε
A. Pers. 491
, cf. S. Aj. 34 , 35 , Ar. Ach. 370 , 375 ; τήν τε νῆσον τήν τε ἤπειρον
Th. 4.8
, cf. Antipho 2.3.3 , Pl. R. 373b ; λυσόμενός τε θύγατρα, φέρων τ' ἀπερείσι' ἄποινα
Il. 1.13
;παῖδά τε σοὶ ἀγέμεν Φοίβῳ θ' ἱερὴν ἑκατόμβην ῥέξαιib. 443 ; the elements joined byτε . . τεare usu. short in Hom. , longer in later Gr., e.g. ἐπειδὴ πρόξενοί τέ εἰσιν Ἀθηναίων καὶ εὐεργέται . . , ἔν τε τῇ στήλῃ γέγραπται
, cf. 495 , 501 ; this use is common at all times inοὔτε . . οὔτε, μήτε . . μήτε, εἴτε . . εἴτε(qq.v.);τεmay be used three or more times, ἔν τ' ἄρα οἱ φῦ χειρί, ἔπος τ' ἔφατ' ἔκ τ' ὀνόμαζεν
5. the copulativeτεbecomes rare in later Gr.; it is found about 340 times in LXX , mostly in the Pentateuch and 1 -4 Ma., only 3 times inPs.; in theNTit is found about 150 times in Act.Ap.,20 times inEp.Hebr., and very rarely in the other books.
B. In Ep. (more rarely in other dactylic verse,v.infr. 11 )τεstands in general or frequentative statements or in statements of what is well known; such statements are freq. made as justifications of a preceding particular statement or of a preceding exhortation to a particular person or persons; the sense ofτεthus approaches that ofτοι(cf.τοιandτεin Od. 2.276 - 7 , and cf. Il. 13.115 with 15.203 ); although associated with numerous particles and other words of particular types (v. infr.) its meaning remains independent of these and applies to the whole sentence in which it stands: αἶψά τε φυλόπιδος πέλεται κόρος ἀνθρώποισιν
2. in exhortations addressed to an individual, a subsidiary sentence or relative clause in which he is reminded of his special or characteristic sphere of activity is marked byτε, e.g. Ἑρμεία, σοὶ γάρ τε μάλιστά γε φίλτατόν ἐστιν ἀνδρὶ ἑταιρίσσαι καί τ' ἔκλυες ᾧ κ' ἐθέλῃσθα, βάσκ' ἴθι . .
3. similarly in general and frequentative statements consisting of two clauses (one of which may be a relative clause, freq. containing thesubj.or opt.), in which the fulfilment of the condition stated in the subsidiary or subordinate clause is declared to be generally or always followed by the result stated in the principal clause, either or both clauses may containτε:
: it is prob. thatτεhas been replaced byκεin the text of Hom. in Il. 1.218 , 9.510 (cf. 508 ), and some other passages in whichκεseems to be used, exceptionally, in general relative clauses.
4. in the subordinate clause of a collective sentence, in which the principal clause states something to be true of all those (i.e. each individual) to whom the predicate of the subordinate clause applies, ὑπόσχωμαι . . κτήματα . . πάντα μάλ' ὅσσα τ' Ἀλέξανδρος . . ἠγάγετο Τροίηνδ' . . δωσέμεν
6. in relative clauses indicating what is true of all persons or things denoted by the same word,οὐ γάρ τις νήσων ἱππήλατος οὐδ' εὐλείμων αἵ θ' ἁλὶ κεκλίαταιno one of the islands which lie in the sea (as all islands do, i.e. no island at all), Od. 4.608 ; ἡμίονον . . ἥ τ' ἀλγίστη δαμάσασθαι
7. when the antecedent is a definite group of gods or men, the relative clause withτεindicates an essential characteristic of the antecedent, Ἐρινύες, αἵ θ' ὑπὸ γαῖαν ἀνθρώπους τείνυνται
: similarly when the antecedent is an individual person (incl. god) or thing, the relative clause withτεindicates one of his or its general or essential characteristics or aspects, οὐ μὰ Ζῆν' ὅς τίς τε θεῶν ὕπατος καὶ ἄριστος
8. τεis used in descriptions of particular places or things when attention is called to their peculiar or characteristic features, or their position, e.g. Λιβύην, ἵνα τ' ἄρνες ἄφαρ κεραοὶ τελέθουσι
9. a part of the anatomy is defined by a clause (containingτε) which indicates a feature which universally belongs to it, κατ' ἰσχίον, ἔνθα τε μηρὸς ἰσχίῳ ἐνστρέφεται
Il. 5.305
, cf. 8.83 , 13.547 , 16.481 , 20.478 ; similarly a point of time is defined, ὥρῃ ἐν εἰαρινῇ, ὅτε τ' ἤματα μακρὰ πέλονται
Od. 18.367
.
10. τεis used in relative clauses which define a measurement of a particular thing or action by reference to the measurement (in general) of some thing or action well known in daily life, γεφύρωσεν δὲ κέλευθον μακρὴν ἠδ' εὐρεῖαν, ὅσον τ' ἐπὶ δουρὸς ἐρωὴ γίγνεται
Il. 15.358
; τοῦ δ' ἤτοι κλέος ἔσται ὅσον τ' ἐπικίδναται ἠώς
7.451
; ὅτε τόσσον ἀπῆν ὅσσον τε γέγωνε βοήσας
Od. 9.473
, cf. 3.321 , al.; more rarely the definition is by reference to the measurement of a particular thing or action,ἤσθιε . . ἕως ὅ τ' ἀοιδὸς ἐνὶ μεγάροισιν ἄειδεν(s.v.l.) 17.358 ; ἥ τις δὴ τέτληκε τόσα φρεσίν, ὅσσα τ' ἐγώ περ
19.347
.
11. the freq. use ofτεB in similes is to be explained under one or other of the foregoing heads, e.g. when reference is made to generally known kinds of things or natural phenomena, to human experience in daily life, or to well-known phenomena of the animal world, Il. 2.456 , 459 , 463 , 468 , 470 , 471 , 474 , 481 , 3.23 - 5 , 33 , 11.415 - 7 , al.; or when universal characteristics of gods, men, animals, etc., are indicated by relative clauses introduced byὅς τε, ὅς ῥά τε, etc., 3.61 , 151 , 198 , al.; or byὥς τε, ἠύ̈τε, ὥς τίς τε, etc., e.g. 5.136 , 17.133 , Od. 4.535 , ὡς εἴ τε
9.314
, 14.254 , etc.
II. in post- Hom. Gr. this use ofτεis more restricted; outside of Ep. and other early dactylic verse ( Hes. Op. 30 , 214 , 233 , al., Xenoph. 13.3 , Thgn. 148 , 359 , etc.) it is not found except with relatives, and with these it has scarcely any discernible sense, so thatὅς τεin Lyr. and Trag. is for the most part only = ὅς , e.g. (possibly generalizing) Μοῖρ', ἅ τε πατρώϊον τῶνδ' ἔχει τὸν εὔφρονα πότμον
Pi. O. 2.35
, cf. 14.2 , A. Eu. 1024 , E. Hec. 445 (lyr.), etc. (v.ὅστε); without generalizing force, Pi. N. 9.9 , A. Pers. 297 , Ch. 615 , etc.; Hdt. has τά πέρ τε
1.74
, ὅκως τε
2.108
codd.,ὅσον τε(without a verb, as in Od. 9.325 , al.) 1.126 , 2.96 , 3.5 , al., οἷά τε
1.93
codd. (adverbially 2.175 , 5.11 ): in Att. Prose and Com. even these uses disappear and we find only a fewphrases, asἅτε, ὥστε, ἐφ' ᾧτε, οἷός τε; in later Gr. we find exceptionally ἔνθεν τε
3. also in passionate utterances, in clauses which indicate the cause of the speaker's passion or a circumstance which might have caused others to behave more considerately towards him, ὤ μοι ἐγὼ δειλή . . ἥ τ' . . τὸν μὲν . . θρέψασα . . ἐπιπροέηκα
, 120 , cf. 21.87 , Il. 15.468 , 17.174 ;ἡμεῖς δ' αὖ μαχόμεσθ', οἵ πέρ τ' ἐπίκουροι ἔνειμενand we, who (mark you) are only allies (notγαμβροίandκασίγνητοι), are fighting, 5.477 ;τρεῖς γάρ τ' ἐκ Κρόνου εἰμὲν ἀδελφεοίfor we,let me tell you, are three brothers, sons of Cronos (and Zeus has no prior title to power), 15.187 ; ποῖόν δε ἔπος φύγεν ἕρκος ὀδόντων δεινόν τ' ἀργαλέον τε: νεμεσσῶμαι δέ τ' ἀκούων
Od. 21.169
; οὐ μήν οἱ τό γε κάλλιον οὐδέ τ' ἄμεινον
Il. 24.52
.
4. in descriptions of particular events and things where there is no general reference, κνίση μὲν ἀνήνοθεν, ἐν δέ τε φόρμιγξ ἠπύει
5. ὅτε τε(when) freq. introduces a temporal clause defining a point of time in the past by means of a well-known event which occurred then,ἦ οὐ μέμνῃ ὅτε τ' ἐκρέμω ὑψόθεν; Il. 15.18 ; ὅτε τε Κρόνον . . Ζεὺς γαίης νέρθε καθεῖσε
14.203
; ἤματι τῷ ὅτε τ' ἦλθον Ἀμαζόνες
3.189
(butἤματι τῷ ὅτε τεis general in 13.335 ; so alsoὅτε πέρ τε . . κέρωνταιin 4.259 ); ὅτε τ' ἤλυθε νόσφιν Ἀχαιῶν ἄγγελος ἐς Θήβας
8. whereτ' ἄρoccurs in questions, e.g.πῇ τ' ἂρ μέμονας καταδῦναι ὅμιλον; Il. 13.307 , cf. 1.8 , 18.188 , al.,ταρ(q.v.) should prob. be read, sinceἄρ(α) usu. precedes aτεwhich is not copulative; so perh.ταραshould be read forτ' ἄραin Od. 1.346 .
9. in ἣ θέμις ἐστὶν . . ἤ τ' ἀνδρῶν ἤ τε γυναικῶν
Il. 9.276
, it is not clear whetherτεis copulative (τεA) or generalizing (τεB) or neither (τεC);ἤis prob. = ἦ (accented as inἤτοι(; ἤ τ' ἀλκῆς ἤ τε φόβοιοis dub. l. in 17.42 ;ἤ τ'= oris found in 19.148 ,= thanin Od. 16.216 .
10. Rarer and later uses;
a. also, esp. with ἄλλος, Ἑρμεία, σὺ γὰρ αὖτε τά τ' ἄλλα περ ἄγγελός ἐσσι
b. withὅδε, adding a slight emphasis to the preceding word, εἰ δὴ τήνδε τε γαῖαν ἀνείρεαι
Od. 13.238
, cf. 15.484 .
c. τε γάρrarely = καὶ γάρ orγάρ, Arist. APo. 75b41 , de An. 405a4 , PA 661b28 , Pol. 1318b33 , 1333a2 ;ἐάν τε γάρforevenif, 2 Ep.Cor. 10.8 ;τήν τε γὰρ ἐπιθυμίαν οὐκ ᾔδεινfor I had not knownevenlust. Ep.Rom. 7.7 .
D. Position ofτε:
1. in signf. A, as an enclitic, it stands second word in the sentence, clause, or phrase, regardless of the meaning:ἐγγύθι τε Πριάμοιο καὶ ἝκτοροςnearbothPriam and Hector, Il. 6.317 ; ἡμέτεραί τ' ἄλοχοι καὶ νήπια τέκνα
πόλεοςmust be taken with what precedes (Porson ad loc.): but article + noun, preposition + noun are freq. regarded as forming a unity indivisible byτε
, τοῖς κτανοῦσί τε
A. Ch. 41
(lyr.); πρὸς βίαν τε
Id. Pr. 210
; also the order is freq. determined by the meaning,τεbeing placed immediately after the word (or first word of a phrase or clause) which it joins to what precedes or to what follows, πατὴρ ἀνδρῶν τε θεῶν τε
Il. 1.544
; ἔξω δόμων τε καὶ πάτρας
A. Pr. 665
; the copulative or preparatoryτεprecedes many other particles, e.g.τε γάρ, τ' ἄρα, τέ τις.
2. τεis enclitic in signfs. B, C also, and stands early in its sentence, clause, or phrase (v. supr.), but many particles which followτεin signf. A precede it in signfs. B, C, e.g. in signfs. B, C we haveδέ τε, μέν τε, γάρ τε, ἀλλά τε, δ' ἄρα τε, ὅς ῥά τε, οὔτ' ἄρ τε, καὶ γάρ τίς τε, ὅς τίς τε, καί τε.
E. Etymology: signf. A is found also in Skt.ca, Lat.-que; for signfs. B and c cf. Skt.cainyá[hudot ] káś ca'whosoever (with following verb)', Lat.-queinquisque, ubique, plerique, usque, neque, nec(=noninnecopinans, etc.), Goth.ni-h'not' (also 'and not'), Lat.namque(=nam).
