ὡς :—Summary: as ADVERB of Manner. ὧς and ὥς (with accent), so, thus. ὡς (without accent) of the Relat. Pron. ὅς, as. ὡς Relat. and Interrog., how. ὡς temporal, when. ὡς Local, where, ὡς, as CONJUNCTI
: the phrasesκαὶ ὧς, οὐδ' ὧς, μηδ' ὧς,are used in Trag. and Att. , S. Ant. 1042 , Th. 1.74 , 7.74 ; also later, PCair.Zen. 19.10 (iii B. C., unaccented), UPZ 146.40
(ii B. C.), GDI 1832.11 (Delph.,ii B. C.), IG 22.850.17
(iii B. C.); for this phrase the accentuationὧςis prescribed by Hdn.Gr. 2.932 , al., cf. A.D. Synt. 307.16 , and is found in good Mss. of Homer; for the remaining uses under this head (Aa. 1 , 3 , 4 ) the accentuationὥςis prescribed by the same grammarians.
3. in Comparisons,ὥς . . , ὡς. . ,so . . as. . , etc.; and reverselyὡς . . , ὣς. . ,as . . so,
Il. 1.512 , 14.265 , etc.; in Att. , Pl. R. 530d ; alsoὥς τε . . ὣς. . ,as . . thus. . , h.Cer. 174 - 6 , E. Ba. 1066 - 8 ; οἷα . . ὥς
Id. El. 151
- 5 ;ὥσπερ . . , ὣς δὲ. . (in apodosi) Pl. Prt. 326d .
4. thus, for instance,
Od. 5.129 , h.Ven. 218 ;ὥςshd. be accented in Od. 5.121 , 125 .
Ab. ὡς, Relat.,as,
Hom. , etc.; prop. relat. to a demonstr.Adv., which is freq. omitted,κινήθη δ' ἀγορὴ ὡς κύματα μακρὰ θαλάσσης,i. e.οὕτως, ὡς. . , Il. 2.144 ( φὴ
Zenod.
): it is relat. not only to the regular demonstr. Advs.ὥς ̔ὧς̓, τώς, ὧδε, οὕτως, αὕτως,but also toταύτῃ,
Pl. R. 365d , etc. We find a collat. Dor. formὥ(q. v.); cf.ὥτε.Usage:
I. in similes, freq. in Hom. , Il. 5.161 , al.; longer similes are commonly introduced by ὡς ὅτε, ὡς δ' ὅτε, ἤριπε δ', ὡς ὅτε πύργος [ἤριπε]
;οὐδενὸς μᾶλλον φροντίζειν ὡς. . Plb. 3.12.5 , cf. 7.4.5 , 11.2.9 , Plu. Cor. 36 :μᾶσσον ὡςis dub. in A. Pr. 629 , and<ἢ>shd. perh. be inserted in Lys. 7.12 , 31 ; cf.ὥσπερIV.
II. with Adverbial clauses:
1. parenthetically, in qualifying clauses,ὡς ἔοικε,etc., Pl. Smp. 176c , etc.: in these casesγεorγοῦνis freq. added,ὡς γοῦν ὁ λόγος σημαίνει asat any rate the argument shows, Id. R. 334a ; in some phrases c.inf.,v.infr. B. 11.3 . An anacoluthon sts. occurs by the Verb of the principal clause being made dependent on the parenthetic Verb,ὡς δὲ Σκύθαι λέγουσι, νεώτατον ἁπάντων ἐθνέων εἶναι(forἦν) τὸ σφέτερον
Hdt. 4.5
, cf. 1.65 ; ὡς ἐγὼ ἤκουσα, εἶναι αὐτόν
Id. 4.76
;ὡς γὰρ . . ἤκουσά τινος, ὅτι. . X. An. 6.4.18 codd.;ἁνὴρ ὅδ' ὡς ἔοικεν οὐ νεμεῖν(forοὐ νεμεῖ, ὡς ἔοικε), S. Tr. 1238 .
2. in elliptical phrases,so far as. . (cf. supr. Ab. 1.3 ) ὡς ἐμοί
Id. Aj. 395
(lyr.); so ὥς γε ἐμοὶ κριτῇ
Ael. VH 2.41
and ὥς γ' ἐμοὶ χρῆσθαι κριτῇ
E. Alc. 801
; ὡς ἐμῇ δόξῃ
X. Vect. 5.2
;ὡς ἀπ' ὀμμάτων(sc.εἰκάσαι) to judge by eyesight, S. OC 15 : esp. in such phrases as οὐκέτι πολλὸν χωρίον, ὡς εἶναι Αἰγύπτου
; also with ἄν, μεγάλα ἐκτήσατο χρήματα, ὡς ἂν εἶναι Ῥοδῶπιν
Hdt. 2.135
codd. (ἂνsecl. Krüger,Ῥοδώπιοςcj. Valck.):—forὡς εἰπεῖνand thelike,v.infr. B. 11.3 .
3. ὡςattached to the object of the Verb,as,
ἑωυτὸν ὡς ἐχθρὸν λυπέει
Democr. 88
; ἔλαβεν ἀμφοτέρους ὡς φίλους ἤδη
X. Cyr. 3.2.25
; ἐν οἰκήματι ᾧ ὡς ταμιείῳ ἐχρῆτο
Pl. Prt. 315d
.— For the similar usage ofὡςwith Participles and Prepositions,v.infr. c.
III. with Adverbs:
a. with the Posit., ὡς ἀληθῶς truly,
Pl. Phdr. 234e
(cf. ἀληθής
111.1b
: as ifAdv.ofτὸ ἀληθές); ὡς ἑτέρως in the other way,ib. 276c , D. 18.212 (Adv.ofὁ ἕτερος;
v. ἕτερος
v.
2 ) (v. infr. D. 1.1 );ὡς ἠπίως, ὡς ἐτητύμως,
S. El. 1438 (lyr.), 1452 ; ὡς ὁμοίως
SIG 708.34
(Istropolis,ii B. C.), LXX 4 Ma. 5.21 , 1
Enoch 5.3 , IG 7.2725.16 (Acraeph.,ii A. D.); ὡς ἐναλλάξ
Vett.Val. 215.9
, 340.2 ; ὡς παντελῶς
Id. 184.26
; ὡς ἄλλως
Is. 7.27
, D. 6.32 ; ὡς ἐνδεχομένως
PPetr. 2p.53
(iii B. C.); inὣς αὔτως(v.ὡσαύτως) we have theAdv.ofὁ αὐτός,but theὥςretains its demonstr. force, as doesὁin Homer;ὡς ἀληθῶς, ὡς ὁμοίως,andὡς παντελῶςmay be modelled onὣς αὔτως,with which they are nearly synonymous; so alsoὡς ἑτέρωςandὡς ἐναλλάξ,which are contrasted with it.
b. with Advbs. expressing anything extraordinary,θαυμαστῶςorθαυμασίως ὡς, ὑπερφυῶς ὡς, v.sub vocc.;ὡςis sts. separated by several words from itsAdv., as θαυμαστῶς μοι εἶπες ὡς παρα' δόξαν
(iii B. C.), cf. LXX 1 Ki. 9.13 , Jo. 3.8 : in orat. obliq. c.inf., Hdt. 1.86 , 96 , al.: expressed more forcibly byὡς . . τάχιστα,some word or words being interposed,ὡς γὰρ ἐπετρόπευσε τάχιστα as soon as ever. . , Id. 1.65 ; ὡς δὲ ἀφίκετο τάχιστα
X. Cyr. 1.3.2
: less freq.ὡς τάχισταstand together, Aeschin. 2.22 : but this usage must be distd. from signf. Ab. 111.1c : folld. by demonstr., ὡς εἶδ', ὣς ἀνεπᾶλτο
2. ὡςis also used with past tenses of theindic.to express a purpose which has not been or cannot be fulfilled,τί μ' οὐκ ἔκτεινας, ὡς ἔδειξα μήποτε. . ;so that Inevershould. . , S. OT 1392 ; ἔδει τὰ ἐνέχυρα λαβεῖν, ὡς μηδ' εἰ ἐβούλετο ἐδύνατο ἐξαπατᾶν
X. An. 7.6.23
; cf. ἵνα
B. 1.3
, ὅπως
B. 1.3
.
3. ὡςc.inf., to limit an assertion, ὡς μὲν ἐμοὶ δοκέειν
I. as an exclamation,how,mostly with Advbs. and Adjs.,ὡς ἄνοον κραδίην ἔχες howsilly a heart hadst thou! Il. 21.441 ;ὡς ἀγαθὸν καὶ παῖδα λιπέσθαι howgood is it . . , Od. 3.196 , cf. 24.194 ; φρονεῖν ὡς δεινόν
S. OT 316
;ὡς ἀστεῖος ὁ ἄνθρωπος howcharming he is! Pl. Phd. 116d ; ὡς ἐμεγαλύνθη τὰ ἔργα σου, Κύριε
LXX Ps. 91(92).6
, 103(104).24 ; in indirect clauses,ἐθαύμασα τοῦτο, ὡς ἡδέως . . ἀπεδέξατοmarvelledat seeing how. . , Pl. Phd. 89a .
2. with Verbs,ὥς μοι δέχεται κακὸν ἐκ κακοῦ αἰεί howconstantly . . , Il. 19.290 , cf. 21.273 ;ὡς οὐκ ἔστι χάρις μετόπισθ' εὐεργέων howlittle thanks remain! Od. 22.319 ;ὡς ὄχλος νιν . . ἀμφέπει see how. . , E. Ph. 148 ;ὡς ὑπερδέδοικά σου how greatly. . , S. Ant. 82 ; so perh. ὡς οἰμώξεται
Ar. Ra. 279
; ὡς ἅπανθ' ὑμῖν τυραννίς ἐστι
Id. V. 488
(troch.).
II. to mark a wish,oh that!c. opt. alone, ὡς ἔρις . . ἀπόλοιτο
Il. 18.107
; ὡς ἀπόλοιτο καὶ ἄλλος
Od. 1.47
, cf. S. El. 126 (lyr.); alsoὡς ἄνorκεwith opt., ὡς ἂν ἔπειτ' ἀπὸ σεῖο οὐκ ἐθέλοιμι λείπεσθαι
Il. 9.444
; ὥς κέ οἱ αὖθι γαῖα χάνοι
6.281
.
2. joined with other words of wishing, ὡς ὤφελες αὐτόθ' ὀλέσθαι
3.428
; ὡς δὴ μὴ ὄφελον νικᾶν
Od. 11.548
.
E. ὡςwith numerals marks that they are to be taken only as a round number,as it were, about, nearly,
σὺν ἀνθρώποις ὡς εἴκοσι
X. An. 3.3.5
; alsoὡς πέντε μάλιστά κῃ aboutfive (v. μάλα
111.5
), Hdt. 7.30 :—also with words compounded with numerals, δέπας . . ὡς τριλάγυνον
Stesich. 7
;παῖς ὡς ἑπτέτηςofsomeseven years, Pl. Grg. 471c ; δρέπανα ὡς διπήχη
X. Cyr. 6.1.30
, cf. An. 5.4.12 ; cf. ὡσεί
111
.
F. ὡςin some elliptical (or apparently elliptical) phrases:
, 2 Ep.Cor. 11.21 , Sch.A Il. 1.264 , 129 , 396 , 3.280 , AP 9.530 , dub.l. in Str. 15.1.57 .
H. Etymology: this word is in origin five distinct words:( 1 )ὡς'as' is theAdv.fr. the Relat.ὅς(I.- E. stemyo-); withὡς βέλτιστοςcf. Skt.yācchrē[snull ][tnull ]á[hudot ]'the best possible': ( 2 )ὧς'thus' is theAdv.of a Demonstr. stemso-found in Skt.sa,Gr.ὁ, Lat.sō-c(Gloss. = ita,cf. Umbr.esoc); ( 3 )ὡςpostpositive (ὄρνιθες ὥς,etc.) constantly makes a preceding short closed syll. long in Hom. , and must therefore have beenϝως; it may perh. be related to Skt.vā,a form ofva, iva(=( 1 )or( 2 )like), Lat.ve,Gr.ἦ[ϝ] ε;( 4 )ὡςprep. 'to' is of doubtful origin (perh. fr.Ὠς,cogn. with Lat.ōs'face', Skt.ās:Ὤς τινα ἐλθεῖν
like τί δέ δε φρένας ἵκετο πένθος; ); ( 5 )ὡςF. 3 is prob. ϝως, Adv.ofϝόςthe reflexiveAdj., and means lit.in his (their) own way(orplace); it is idiomatically placed beforeἕκαστος(ἑκάτερος), cf. ϝὸν ϝεκάτερος