__A.2 καὶ ὧς even so, nevertheless, [[ 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 1.116, +others] Refs 8th c.BC+]; οὐδ᾽ ὧς not even so, [[ 7.263, 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 1.6, +others, 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 6.76; οὐδέ κεν ὧς 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 9.386: the phrases καὶ ὧς, οὐδ᾽ ὧς, μηδ᾽ ὧς,] Refs 8th c.BC+] are used in Trag. and Attic dialect, [[ 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Antigone” 1042, 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.74, 7.74; also later, “PCair.Zen.” 19.10 (3rd c.BC, unaccented), “UPZ” 146.40 (2nd c.BC), “GDI” 1832.11 (Delph., 2nd c.BC), “IG” 22.850.17 (3rd c.BC)] Refs 5th c.BC+]; κἂν ὧς, εἴπερ μέλει σοι, ἀπόστειλόν μοί τινα [[ “POxy.” 120.11 (4th c.AD)] Refs 4th c.AD+]; δουλεύων καθὼς καὶ ὧς [[ “GDI” 2160 (Delph., 2nd c.BC)] Refs 2nd c.BC+]; Thess. καὶ οὗς [[ “IG” 9(2).234.1 (3rd c.BC)] Refs 3rd c.BC+]; for this phrase the accentuation ὧς[[ is prescribed by Hdn.Gr.2.932, +others,compare 2nd c.AD: Apollonius Dyscolus Grammaticus “de Syntaxi”; 307.16, and is found in good Mss. of Homer; for the remaining uses under this head (Aa. 1, 3, 4) the accentuation ὥς is prescribed by the same grammarians. ] Refs 2nd c.AD+]
__A.3 in Comparisons, ὥς.., ὡς.., so.. as.., etc.; and reversely ὡς.., ὣς.., as.. so, [[ 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 1.512, 14.265, etc.] Refs 8th c.BC+]; in Attic dialect, [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 530d ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; also ὥς τε.. ὣς.., as.. thus.., [[ “hymnus ad Cererem” 174 - 6, 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Bacchae” 1066 - 8; οἷα.. ὥς [prev. author] “El.” 151 - 5 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; ὥσπερ.., ὣς δὲ.. (in apodosi) [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Protagoras” 326d. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__A.4 thus, for instance, [[ 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 5.129, “hymnus ad Venerem” 218 ] Refs 8th c.BC+]; ὥς should be accented in [[ 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 5.121, 125. ] Refs 8th c.BC+]
__A.4.Ab ὡς, Relat., as, [[ 8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus, etc.] Refs 8th c.BC+]; properly relative to a demonstrative adverb, which is frequently omitted, κινήθη δ᾽ ἀγορὴ ὡς κύματα μακρὰ θαλάσσης, i. e. οὕτως, ὡς.., [[ 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 2.144 (φὴ 4th-3rd c.BC: Zenodotus Grammaticus): it is _relative_ not only to the regular _demonstrative_ Advs. ὥς (ὧς), τώς, ὧδε, οὕτως, αὕτως, but also to ταύτῃ, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 365d, etc. We find a collateral _Doric dialect_ form ὥ (which see)] Refs 8th c.BC+]; compare ὥτε. Usage:
__A.I in similes, frequently in [[ 8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus, 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 5.161, +others] Refs 8th c.BC+]; longer similes are commonly introduced by ὡς ὅτε, ὡς δ᾽ ὅτε, ἤριπε δ᾽, ὡς ὅτε πύργος [ἤριπε] [[ 4.462: ἤριπε δ᾽, ὡς ὅτε τις δρῦς ἤριπε 13.389, compare 2.394 ] Refs]; so later, [[ 5th c.BC: Empedocles Poeta Philosophus 84.1, etc.; ὡς ὅτε θαητὸν μέγαρον, πάξομεν 5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “O.” 6.2: ὡς ὅτε] Refs 5th c.BC+] is rare in short similes, [[ 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 11.368: ὡς] Refs 8th c.BC+] is followed by indicative present, [[ 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 9.4, 16.364: also by ] Refs 8th c.BC+]aorist, [[ 3.33f, 4.275, 16.823, +others] Refs]; also by subjunctive present or aorist, [[ 5.161, 10.183, 485, 13.334 ] Refs] (sometimes ὡς δ᾽ ὅτ᾽ ἄν, [[ 11.269, 17.520)] Refs]; compare ὥστε A:—the Verb is sometimes omitted with ὡς, but may be supplied from the context, ἐνδούπησε πεσοῦσ᾽, ὡς εἰναλίη κήξ (i.e. πίπτει) [[ 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 15.479, compare 6.20; θεὸς δ᾽ ὣς τίετο δήμῳ 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 5.78; οἱ δὲ φέβοντο.., βόες ὣς ἀγελαῖαι 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 22.299: where ὡς] Refs 8th c.BC+] follows the noun to which it refers, it takes the accent; so in Comedy texts, Ἀριστόδημος ὥς [[ 5th c.BC: Cratinus Comicus 151, compare 4th c.BC: Eubulus Comicus 75.6 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; see infr. H.
__A.I.2 like as, just as, ὡς οὗτος κατὰ τέκν᾽ ἔφαγε.., ὣς ἡμεῖς κτλ. [[ 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 2.326, see supr. Aa. 3. ] Refs 8th c.BC+]
__A.I.3 sometimes in the sense as much as or according as, ἑλὼν κρέας ὥς (i. e. ὅσον) οἱ χεῖρες ἐχάνδανον [[ 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 17.344 ] Refs 8th c.BC+]; ὦκα δὲ μητρὶ ἔννεπον ὡς (i. e. ὅσα) εἶδόν τε καὶ ἔκλυον [[ “hymnus ad Cererem” 172; τῶν πάντων οὐ τόσσον ὀδύρομαι.. ὡς ἑνός 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 4.105; τόσον.. ὡς 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 4.130 ] Refs 8th c.BC+]; so in Trag., σοὶ θεοὶ πόροιεν ὡς ἐγὼ θέλω [[ 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Coloneus” 1124; ὡς ἐγὼ οὐκ ἔστιν ὑμῶν ὅστις ἐξ ἴσου νοσεῖ [prev. author] “OT” 60 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; in Prose, ὡς δύναται as much as he can, [[ 3rd c.AD: Democritus Epigrammaticus 278; τὸ ῥῆμα μέμνημαι ὡς εἶπε 4th c.BC: Aeschines Orator 3.72 ] Refs 4th c.BC+]; ὡς μή ={ὅσον μή, νέμεν ὅτι ἃν} (={ἂν}) βόλητοι ὡς μὴ ἰν τοῖ περιχώροι [[ “IG” 5(2).3.9 (Tegea, 4th c.BC)] Refs 4th c.BC+]; cf. Ab. 11.2 below
__A.I.4 sometimes after comparative, compared with, hence than, μᾶλλον πρέπει οὕτως ὡς.. [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Apologia” 36d; ἅ γε μείζω πόνον παρέχει.. οὐκ ἂν ῥᾳδίως οὐδὲ πολλὰ ἂν εὕροις ὡς τοῦτο [prev. author] “R.” 526c ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; οὐδενὸς μᾶλλον φροντίζειν ὡς.. [[ 2nd c.BC: Polybius Historicus 3.12.5, compare 7.4.5, 11.2.9, 1st-2nd c.AD: Plutarchus Biographus et Philosophus “Coriolanus” 36: μᾶσσον ὡς] Refs 2nd c.BC+] is uncertain in [[ 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Prometheus Vinctus” 629 ] Refs 4th c.BC+], and [ἢ] should perhaps be inserted in [[ 5th c.BC: Lysias Orator 7.12,31] Refs 5th c.BC+]; compare ὥσπερ IV.
__A.II with Adverbial clauses:
__A.II.1 parenthetically, in qualifying clauses, ὡς ἔοικε, etc., [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Symposium” 176c, etc.] Refs 5th c.BC+]: in these cases γε or γοῦν is frequently added, ὡς γοῦν ὁ λόγος σημαίνει as at any rate the argument shows, [[ [prev. author] “R.” 334a ] Refs]; in some phrases with infinitive, see below [[ 5th c.BC: Bacchylides Lyricus 11.3. An anacoluthon sometimes occurs by the Verb of the principal clause being made dependent on the parenthetic Verb, ὡς δὲ Σκύθαι λέγουσι, νεώτατον ἁπάντων ἐθνέων εἶναι (for ἦν)] Refs 5th c.BC+] τὸ σφέτερον [[ 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 4.5, compare 1.65; ὡς ἐγὼ ἤκουσα, εἶναι αὐτόν [prev. author] 4.76 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; ὡς γὰρ.. ἤκουσά τινος, ὅτι.. [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Anabasis” 6.4.18 codices ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; ἁνὴρ ὅδ᾽ ὡς ἔοικεν οὐ νεμεῖν (for οὐ νεμεῖ, ὡς ἔοικε), [[ 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Trachiniae” 1238. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__A.II.3 ὡς attached to the object of the Verb, as, ἑωυτὸν ὡς ἐχθρὸν λυπέει [[ 3rd c.AD: Democritus Epigrammaticus 88; ἔλαβεν ἀμφοτέρους ὡς φίλους ἤδη 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 3.2.25; ἐν οἰκήματι ᾧ ὡς ταμιείῳ ἐχρῆτο 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Protagoras” 315d ] Refs 5th c.BC+].— For the similar usage of ὡς with Participles and Prepositions, see below with
__A.III with Adverbs:
__A.III.a with the Posit., ὡς ἀληθῶς truly, [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Phaedrus” 234e (compare ἀληθής 111.1b: as if _adverb_ of τὸ ἀληθές)] Refs 5th c.BC+]; ὡς ἑτέρως in the other way, [[[prev. work] 276c, 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 18.212 ] Refs 4th c.BC+] (adverb of ὁ ἕτερο; see at {ἕτερος} see 2) (see. below [[ 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 1.1)] Refs 4th c.BC+]; ὡς ἠπίως, ὡς ἐτητύμως, [[ 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Electra” 1438 (Lyric poetry), 1452; ὡς ὁμοίως “SIG” 708.34 (Istropolis, 2nd c.BC), LXX.4Mac.5.21, 1 “Enoch” 5.3, “IG” 7.2725.16 (Acraeph., 2nd c.AD)] LXX+5th c.BC+]; ὡς ἐναλλάξ [[ 2nd c.AD: Vettius Valens Astrologus 215.9, 340.2; ὡς παντελῶς [prev. author] 184.26; ὡς ἄλλως 4th c.BC: Isaeus Orator 7.27, 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 6.32; ὡς ἐνδεχομένως “PPetr.” 2p.53 (3rd c.BC)] Refs 4th c.BC+]; in ὣς αὔτως (see. ὡσαύτως) we have the adverb of ὁ αὐτός, but the ὥς retains its demonstrative force, as does ὁ in Homer; ὡς ἀληθῶς, ὡς ὁμοίως, and ὡς παντελῶς may be modelled on ὣς αὔτως, with which they are nearly synonymous; so also ὡς ἑτέρως and ὡς ἐναλλάξ, which are contrasted with it.
__A.III.b with adverbs expressing anything extraordinary, θαυμαστῶς or θαυμασίως ὡς, ὑπερφυῶς ὡς, (see entry).; ὡς is sometimes separated by several words from its adverb, as θαυμαστῶς μοι εἶπες ὡς παρα᾽ δόξαν [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Phaedo” 95a; ὑπερφυῶς δὴ τὸ χρῆμα ὡς δύσγνωστον φαίνεται [prev. author] Alcaeus2.147c, compare “Phd.” 99d. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__A.III.c with the superlative, as much as can be, ὡς μάλιστα [[ 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.141, etc.: ὡς ῥᾷστα] Refs 5th c.BC+] as easily as possible, [[ 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Prometheus Vinctus” 104; ὡς πλεῖστα 3rd c.AD: Democritus Epigrammaticus 189 ] Refs 4th c.BC+]; ὠς τάχιστα as quickly as possible, [[ 7th-6th c.BC: Alcaeus Lyricus “Supp.” 4.15, etc.; more fully expressed, ὡς δυνατὸν ἄριστα 5th-6th c.BC: Isocrates Orator 12.153; ὡς ἐδύναντο ἀδηλότατα 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 7.50; μαχομένους ὡς ἂν δυνώμεθα κράτιστα 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Anabasis” 3.2.6; ὡς οἷόν τε βελτιστον 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 403d ] Refs 7th c.BC+]; ὡς ἀνυστὸν κάλλιστα Diog.[[ 2nd c.AD: Apollonius Biographus 3: ὡς and ὅτι] Refs 2nd c.AD+] are sometimes found together, where one is superfluous, ὡς ὅτι μάλιστα [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Leges” 908a; βοῦν ὡς ὅτι κάλλιστον “IG” 22.1028.17 (2nd-1st c.BC)] Refs 5th c.BC+]; see infr. G.
__B.II with Final Clauses, that, in order that; in this sense ὡς and ὡς ἄν, Epic dialect ὥς κεν, are used with the subjunctive after primary tenses of the indicative, and with the optative after the past tenses, βουλὴν ὑποθησόμεθ᾽.., ὡς μὴ πάντες ὄλωνται [[ 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 8.37; τύμβον χεύαμεν.., ὥς κεν τηλεφανὴς.. εἴη 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 24.83; ἡμεῖς δ᾽ ἴωμεν ὡς, ὁπηνίκ᾽ ἂν θεὸς πλοῦν ἡμὶν εἴκῃ, τηνικαυθ᾽ ὁρμώμεθα 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Philoctetes” 464; [νέας] διηκοσίας περιέπεμπον.. ὡς ἂν μὴ ὀφθείησαν 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 8.7. b. rarely with ] Refs 8th c.BC+]future indicative, ὡς μὴ ὦν αὐτοὶ τε ἀπολέεσθε (conjecture Cobet for ἀπόλεσθε) κἀμὲ τρώσετε, ἐς ἄλλον τινὰ δῆμον ἀποίχεσθε [[ 4th-5th c.BC: Hecataeus Milesius Historicus 30J. ] Refs 4th c.BC+]
__B.II.2 ὡς is also used with past tenses of the indicative to express a purpose which has not been or cannot be fulfilled, τί μ᾽ οὐκ ἔκτεινας, ὡς ἔδειξα μήποτε..; so that I never should.., [[ 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Tyrannus” 1392; ἔδει τὰ ἐνέχυρα λαβεῖν, ὡς μηδ᾽ εἰ ἐβούλετο ἐδύνατο ἐξαπατᾶν 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Anabasis” 7.6.23; compare ἵνα 5th c.BC: Bacchylides Lyricus 1.3, ὅπως 5th c.BC: Bacchylides Lyricus 1.3. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__B.II.3 ὡς with infinitive, to limit an assertion, ὡς μὲν ἐμοὶ δοκέειν [[ 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 6.95, compare 2.124; ὡς εἰπεῖν λόγῳ [prev. work] 53 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; or ὡς ἔπος εἰπεῖν,compare ἔπος [[ 11.4 ] Refs]; ὡς συντόμως, or ὡς συνελόντι εἰπεῖν to speak shortly, to be brief, [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Oeconomicus” 12.19, “Mem.” 3.8.10 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; ὡς εἰκάσαι to make a guess, i.e. probably, [[ 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 1.34, etc.; ὡς μικρὸν μεγάλῳ εἰκάσαι 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 4.36 (so without ὡς, οὐ πολλῷ λόγῳ εἰπεῖν 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 1.61), see supr. Ab. 11.1, 2. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__D.II.2 joined with other words of wishing, ὡς ὤφελες αὐτόθ᾽ ὀλέσθαι [[ 3.428; ὡς δὴ μὴ ὄφελον νικᾶν 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 11.548. ] Refs 8th c.BC+]
__E ὡς with numerals marks that they are to be taken only as a round number, as it were, about, nearly, σὺν ἀνθρώποις ὡς εἴκοσι [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Anabasis” 3.3.5 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; also ὡς πέντε μάλιστά κῃ about five (see. μάλα [[ 111.5), 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 7.30 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]:—also with words compounded with numerals, δέπας.. ὡς τριλάγυνον [[ 7th-6th c.BC: Stesichorus Lyricus 7 ] Refs 7th c.BC+]; παῖς ὡς ἑπτέτης of some seven years, [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Gorgias” 471c; δρέπανα ὡς διπήχη 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 6.1.30, compare “An.” 5.4.12; compare ὡσεί 111. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__F ὡς in some elliptical (or apparently elliptical) phrases:
__H Etymology: this word is in origin five distinct words: [[(1) ὡς '] Refs]as' is the adverb from the Relat. ὅς (I.-[[ 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus ] Refs 5th c.BC+] stem yo-); with ὡς βέλτιστος cf. Sanskrit yācchrē[snull][tnull]á[hudot] 'the best possible': (2) ὧς 'thus' is the adverb of a Demonstr. stem so- found in Sanskrit sa, Gr. ὁ, Latin sō-c ([[“Corpus Glossariorum Latinorum”] Refs]; = ita, cf. Umbr. esoc); (3) ὡς postpositive (ὄρνιθες ὥς, etc.) constantly makes a preceding short closed syllable long in [[ 8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus ] Refs 8th c.BC+], and must therefore have been ϝω; it may perhaps be related to Sanskrit vā, a form of va, iva (= [[(1) or (2) ] Refs]like), Latin ve, Gr. ἦ[ϝ] ; [[(4) ὡς preposition '] Refs]to' is of doubtful origin (perhaps from *ὠς, cognate with Latin ōs 'face', Sanskrit ās: ὤς τινα ἐλθεῖν like{τί δέ δε φρένας ἵκετο πένθος};); (5) ὡς F. 3 is probably ϝως, adverb of ϝός the reflexive adjective, and means literal in his (their) own way (or place); it is idiomatically placed before ἕκαστος (ἑκάτερος),compare ϝὸν ϝεκάτερος [[ “Leg.Gort.” 1.18. ] Refs]
