ῥά(which is enclitic and used after monosyllables,ἦ, ὅς, γάρ,etc., or words ending in a vowel or diphthong, e.g.ἐπεί), before a consonantἄρ(perh. cf. Lith.
A. i[rtilde]'and'): expressing consequence,then,or mere succession,there and then,and in many derived uses.
A. EARLIER USAGE: to denote,
I. immediate transition,there and then, straightway,
ὣς φάτο βῆ δ' ἄρ' Ὄνειρος
Il. 2.16
: after apart., ὣς εἰπὼν κατ' ἄρ' ἕζετο
1.68
, al.; πυθόμενος . . εἶπε ἄ.
Hdt. 4.134
, cf. 9.9 ; ἐρωτώσης τῆς μητρὸς ἀπεκρίνατο ἄρα
X. Cyr. 1.3.2
; with other Particles,δέ, ἦ, ὡς,etc., cf.ὁ δὲ Ἀστυάγης ἄ. εἶπενib. 4.10 : also after Advbs. of Time,τότε δή ῥα, τῆμος ἄρα,etc.; οὕτως ἄρα
: to point a moral or general statement, φευγόντων δ' οὔτ' ἂρ κλέος ὄρνυται οὔτε τις ἀλκή
5.532
.
II. connexion, such as,
1. that ofantecedentandconsequent,
οἰνοχόει . . ἄσβεστος δ' ἄρ' ἐνῶρτο γέλως
1.599
, cf. 24.507 ; τοὔνεκ' ἄρ' ἄλγε' ἔδωκε
1.96
; freq. withοὕνεκαin protasi, 7.140 , al.: also in questions,τίς τ' ἄρ τῶν ὄχ' ἄριστος ἔην;whothen(say you) was . . ? 2.761 : with demonstr. Pronoun in recapitulation,ἀλλ' υἱὸν Πριάμοιο . . τόν ῥ' Ὀδυσεὺς βάλε he it was, whom. . , 4.501 : freq. in such phrases as ὣς ἄρα φωνήσας
2.35
, al.; ὣς ἄρ' ἔφη
1.584
, al.; ἦ ῥα
3.355
, al., thus,thenhe spoke.—This usage is universal in Greek.
2. explanation of that which precedes,χωόμενον κατὰ θυμὸν ἐϋζώνοιο γυναικὸς τήν ῥα . . ἀπηύρωνwhom (and for this causehe was angry) they had taken away, 1.429 ;εἰ μὴ ὑπερφίαλον ἔπος ἔκβαλε . . φῆ ῥ' ἀέκητι θεῶν φυγέειν forhe said, Od. 4.504 : freq. withοὕνεκα; so with relatives,ἐκ δ' ἔθορε κλῆρος ὃν ἄρ' ἤθελον αὐτοίtheveryone which . . , Il. 7.182 .
B. LATER USAGE, always with inferential force: 1. in drawing conclusions (more subjective thanοὖν) , ἄριστον ἄ. ἡ εὐδαιμονία
Arist. EN 1099a24
; δῆλον ἄ.
Id. Pol. 1295b33
; in pseudo-syllogistic conclusions, Id. SE 174b11 , Rh. 1401a3 , al.: esp. by way of informal inference,as it seems,
; so in announcing the discovery or correction of an error, asοὐκ ἐννενοήκαμεν ὅτι εἰσὶν ἄ.. . Pl. R. 375d ;φαίνεται πρὸ ποδῶν ἡμῖν κυλινδεῖσθαι καὶ οὐχ ἑωρῶμεν ἄρ' αὐτόib. 432d ;εἰκότως ἄ. οὐκ ἐγίγνετο: ὡς γὰρ ἐγὼ νῦν πυνθάνομαι. . X. An. 2.2.3 .
2. in questions, expressing the anxiety of the questioner,τίς ἄ. ῥύσεται; who is thereto save ? A. Th. 92 ; so in exclamations to heighten the expression of emotion,οἵαν ἄρ' ἥβην . . ἀπώλεσεν whata band of youth was that . . ! Id. Pers. 733 ; soὡς ἄραib. 472 , S. Fr. 577 ; τί μ' ἄ. τί μ' ὀλέκεις;
Id. Ant. 1285
; τί οὖν . . ἄ.
X. Oec. 6.2
;πῶς ἄ.; οὕτως ἄ.,etc.;ἄ.alone, ἔζης ἄ.
S. Fr. 686
: esp. in ironical comments, Ar. Av. 476 , 1371 , etc.
6. in hypothetical clauses, to indicate the improbability of the supposition, ἢν ἄ. ποτὲ κατὰ γῆν βιασθῶσιν
Th. 1.93
, etc.; or simply,perhaps(sts. separated fromεἰ) , εἴ τις οὖν ὑμῶν ἄ. . . ὑπελάμβανεν
D. 21.8
; εἴ τις ἰδίᾳ τινὰ δεδιὼς ἄ. ἀπρόθυμός ἐστιν
Th. 4.86
.
C. IN CRASIS, freq.τἄρα, μεντἄρα, οὐτἄρα: alsoδήξομἄραforδήξομαι ἄ.,
Ar. Ach. 325 ;οἰμώξετἄρα, κλαύσἄρα,
Id. Th. 248 , Pax 532 : also in Trag., E. Hyps.Fr. 34.86 .
D. ἄραnever stands first in the sentence in Classical Greek ( Arist. Mech. 851a22 is corrupt), but is found at the beginning of an apodosis in Ev.Matt. 12.28 , Ep.Rom. 10.17 , and first in a sentence, Ev.Luc. 11.48 , Vett.Val. 305.20 ; in conclusion of syllogism, Herm. ap. Stob. 3.11.31 .
