c. to introduce a detailed description or narration already alluded to,ὅμως δὲ λεκτέα ἃ γιγνώσκω: ἔχει γ. [ἡ χώρα] πεδία κάλλιστα. . X. An. 5.6.6 , etc.
2. by inversion, preceding the fact explained,since, as, Ἀτρεί̈δη, πολλοὶ γ. τεθνᾶσιν Ἀχαιοί . . τῷ σε χρὴ πόλεμον παῦσαι
Il. 7.328
;χρόνου δὲ οὐ πολλοῦ διελθόντος(χρῆν γ. Κανδαύλῃ γενέσθαι κακῶς)ἔλεγε πρὸς τὸν Γύγην τοιάδε, Γύγη, οὐ γ. σε δοκέω πείθεσθαι . .(ὦτα γ. τυγχάνει κτλ.), ποίει ὅκως. . Hdt. 1.8 . cf. 6.102 , al.;εἶεν, σὺ γ. τούτων ἐπιστήμων, τί χρὴ ποιεῖν; Pl. Phd. 117a ; the principal proposition is sts.
b. blended with the causal one,τῇ δὲ κακῶς γ. ἔδεε γενέσθαι εἶπε, i.e.ἡ δέ(κακῶς γ. οἱ ἔδεε γενέσθαι) εἶπε
Hdt. 9.109
, cf. 1.24 , 4.149 , 200 , Th. 1.72 , 8.30 .
c. attached to the hypothet. Particle instead of being joined to the apodosis,οὐδ' εἰ γ. ἦν τὸ πρᾶγμα μὴ θεήλατον, ἀκάθαρτον ὑμᾶς εἰκὸς ἦν οὕτως ἐᾶν, i.e.οὐδὲ γ. εἰ ἦν. . , S. OT 255 .
3. in elliptical phrases, where that of whichγάρgives the reason is omitted, and must be supplied,
a. freq. in Trag. dialogue and Pl. , whenyesornomay be supplied from the context,καὶ δῆτ' ἐτόλμας τούσδ' ὑπερβαίνειν νόμους;—οὐ γ. τί μοι Ζεὺς ἦν ὁ κηρύξας τάδε[yes],forit was not Zeus, etc., S. Ant. 450 , cf. OT 102 , etc.; καλῶς γὰρ αὐτὸς ἠγάνισαι
Pl. Smp. 194a
; freq. in phraseἔστι γ. οὕτω[yes],forso it is, i. e. yes certainly:λέγεταί τι καινόν; γένοιτο γ. ἄν τι καινότερον ἢ. . ; [why,] could there be . . ? D. 4.10 ; with negs., Ar. Ra. 262
τούτῳ γ. οὐ νικήσετε[do so],yetshall ye never prevail by this means: forἀλλὰ γ.,v.infr. 11.1 .
b. to confirm or strengthen something said,οἵδ' οὐκέτ' εἰσί: τοῦτο γάρ σε δήξεται[I say this],forit will sting thee, E. Med. 1370 : after an Exclamation, ὦ πόποι: ἀνάριθμα γ. φέρω πήματα
S. OT 168
(lyr.), cf. E. Hel. 857 .
c. in conditional propositions, where the condition is omitted,else,οὐ γ. ἄν με ἔπεμπον πάλιν(sc.εἰ μὴ ἐπίστευον) X. An. 7.6.33 ;γίνεται γ. ἡ κοινωνία συμμαχία for in that case, Arist. Pol. 1280b8 .
4. in abrupt questions,why, what,τίς γ. σε θεῶν ἐμοὶ ἄγγελον ἧκεν;whywho hath sent thee? Il. 18.182 ;πῶς γ. νῦν . . εὕδουσι; 10.424 ;πατροκτονοῦσα γ. ξυνοικήσεις ἐμοί;what, wilt thou . . ? A. Ch. 909 : generally, after interrog. Particles,ἦ γ.. . ;what, was it . . ? S. OT 1000 , 1039 , etc.;τί γ.;quid enim? i. e. it must be so, Id. OC 539 , 542 , 547 , etc.;τί γ. δή ποτε; D. 21.44 ; alsoπῶς γ.; πῶς γ. οὔ;, v. πῶς .
5. to strengthen a wish, c. opt.,κακῶς γ. ἐξόλοιο Othat you might perish ! E. Cyc. 261 ; cf.αἴ, εἰ, εἴθε, πῶς.
II. joined with other Particles:
1. ἀλλὰ γ.whereγάρgives the reason of a clause to be supplied betweenἀλλάand itself, asἀλλ' ἐν γὰρ Τρώων πεδίῳ. . but [far otherwise], for. . , Il. 15.739 ;ἀλλὰ γὰρ ἥκους' αἵδ' ἐπὶ πρᾶγος πικρόνbut [hush], for. . , A. Th. 861 ;ἀλλ' οὐ γ. ς' ἐθέλω. . but [look out] for. . , Il. 7.242 ; in full, ἀλλ' οὐ γάρ σφιν ἐφαίνετο κέρδιον εἶναι μαίεσθαι προτ έρω, τοὶ μὲν πάλιν αὖτις ἔβαινον
Od. 14.355
; ἀλλ', οὐ γ. ἔπειθε, διδοῖ τὸ φᾶρος
Hdt. 9.109
.
2. γ. ἄρα forindeed, Pl. Prt. 315d , Smp. 205b .
3. γ. δή forof course,foryou know, Il. 2.301 , 23.607 , Hdt. 1.34 , 114 , etc.;φάμεν γ. δή yescertainly we say so, Pl. Tht. 187e , cf. 164d ; οὐ γ. δή
S. Ant. 46
, etc.
4.
γ. νυ
Od. 14.359
.
5. γ. οὖν forindeed, to confirm or explain, Il. 15.232 , Hdt. 5.34 , S. Ant. 489 , 771 , etc.;φησὶ γ. οὖν yesof course he says so, Pl. Tht. 170a ; γ. οὖν δή
Id. Prm. 148c
, etc.;οὐ γ. οὖνib. 134b ; cf.τοιγαροῦν.
6. γ. που forI suppose, esp. with negs., Id. R. 381c , Phd. 62d , etc.; οὐ γ. δήπου
B. POSITION:γάρprop. stands after the first word in a clause, but in Pocts it freq. stands third or fourth, when the preceding words are closely connected, asὁ μὲν γὰρ. . S. Aj. 764 ;χἠ ναῦς γὰρ. . Id. Ph. 527 ;τό τ' εἰκαθεῖν γὰρ. . Id. Ant. 1096 ;τὸ μὴ θέμις γὰρ. . A. Ch. 641 , cf. 753 : also in Prose,τὸ κατ' ἀξίαν γὰρ. . Arist. EN 1163b11 : sts. for metrical reasons, where there is no such connexion, as third ( A. Ag. 222.729 , S. Ph. 219 (all lyr.)), fourth ( Ar. Av. 1545 ); in later Com. fifth ( Men. 462.2 ); sixth ( Antiph. 26.22 ); seventh ( Men. Epit. 531 , Pk. 170 , Athenio 1.5 ); once sixth in S. ,
καιρὸς καὶ πλοῦς ὅδ' ἐπείγει γὰρ κατὰ πρύμναν
Ph. 1451
.
2. inserted before the demonstr.-ί, asνυνγαρίforνυνὶ γάρ; cf.νυνί.
C. QUANTITY:γάρis sts. long in Hom. metri gr., θήσειν γὰρ ἔτ' ἔμελλεν
Il. 2.39
; φωνῆς γὰρ ἤκουσα
h.Cer. 57
.—In Att. always short: Ar. Eq. 366 , V. 217 , Lys. 20 are corrupt.