B. as a Relat. by the side of the Art.ὅ, ἥ, τό(v.ὁ,ἡ,τό, c):—this demonstr. and Relat. Pron. must not be confounded with the Possess.ὅς, ἥ, ὅν.(With Gr. Relat.ὅς, ἥ, ὅcf. Skt. Relat.yas, yā, yad,Lith.jis, ji (he, she),Oslav.i, ja, je (he, she, it).)
I. Homeric usage : this form only occurs in the nom. masc. and neut.ὅς, ὅ,and perh. nom. fem.ἥand nom. pl.οἵ,the other cases being supplied byὁ,ἡ , τό(ὅ, ἡ, τό); most codd. haveἥin Il. 17.551 , Od. 24.255 , al., and this (as alsoοἵ) can be referred equally to either (on the accentv. ὁ,ἡ , τό): withγάρor καί, ὃς γὰρ δεύτατος ἦλθεν
(asv.l.): so in Dor. dat. fem. asAdv., ᾇ μὲν . . , ᾇ δὲ . .
Tab.Heracl. 1.81
; ἐφ' ὧν μὲν . . , ἐφ' ὧν δὲ . .
Arist. EN 1109a1
: very freq. in late Prose, Arr. Epict. 3.25.1 , etc.: also answering to other Prons., ἑτέρων . . , ὧν δὲ . .
Philem. 31.6
; ἐφ' ᾧ μὲν . . , ἐπὶ θατέρῳ δὲ . .
Arist. HA 564a21
, etc.
B. RELAT. PRON.,who, which.—By the side of the simple Relat.,ὅς, ἥ, ὅ(in Hom. alsoὁ,ἡ , τό), we find in common use the compd. formsὅστε, ὅστιςandὅτις, ὅσπερandὅπερ, ὅς γε(q. v.).
0-0. USAGE of the Relat. Pron. (the foll. remarks apply toὅς γε, ὅσπερ, ὅστε, ὅστις,as well as toὅς,and toὁ,ἡ , τόas relat.) :
I. in respect of CONCOR D. —Prop. it agrees in gender and number with the Noun or Pron. in the antec. clause.—But this rule admits of many exceptions:
1. the Relat. mayagree with the gender implied, not expressed, in the antec., φίλον θάλος, ὃν τέκον αὐτή
Il. 22.87
; τέκνων, οὓς ἤγαγε
E. Supp. 12
: so after collective Nouns, the Relat. is freq. put in pl. in the gender implied in the Noun, λαόν . . , οὕς . .
; esp. after the names of countries or cities,Τηλέπυλον Λαιστρυγονίην ἀφίκανεν, οἳ . .(i. e. to Telepylosof the Laestrygonians, who . .) Od. 23.319 ; τὰς Ἀθήνας, οἵ γε . .
Hdt. 7.8
. β' ; Μέγαρα . . , οὓς . .
Th. 6.94
: it also may agree with the Noun or Pron. implied in anAdj.,Θηβαίας ἐπισκοποῦντ' ἀγυιάς, τάν . .the streetsof Thebes, which . . ,
S. Ant. 1137 (lyr.);τοὺς Ἡρακλείους παῖδας, ὃς . .the childrenof Heracles, who . . ,
E. HF 157 ; τῆς ἐμῆς ἐπεισόδου, ὅν . . of me whom . . ,
2. when the antec. Noun in sg. implies a class, the Relat. is sts. in pl.,ἦ μάλα τις θεὸς ἔνδον, οἳ . . ἔχουσιν(forτις θεῶν, οἵ . .) Od. 19.40 ; κῆτος, ἃ μυρία βόσκει . . Ἀμφιτρίτη one of the thousands, which . . ,
3. reversely, the sg. Relat. may follow a pl. antec., where the relat. clause refers to each individual ; but in this caseὅστιςorὃς ἄνis mostly used,ἀνθρώπους τίνυσθον, ὅ τις κ' ἐπίορκον ὀμόσσῃ,forἀνθρώπων τινά, ὅς κε . . ,
4. the Relat. is sts. in the neut., agreeing rather with the notion implied in the antec. than with the Noun itself,διὰ τὴν πλεονεξίαν, ὃ πᾶσα φύσις διώκειν πέφυκενfor profit's sake—a thing which . . ,
Pl. R. 359c , cf. Lg. 849d ; τοὺς Φωκέας, ὃ σιωπᾶν εἰκὸς ἦν a name which . . ,
D. 19.44
;γυναῖκας, ἐφ' ὅπερ . .women, fordealings with whom,
E. Ba. 454 .
5. with Verbs of naming, the Relat. freq. agrees with the name added as a predicate, rather than with the antec., ξίφος, τὸν ἀκινάκην καλέουσι
Hdt. 7.54
; τὴν ἄκρην, αἳ καλεῦνται Κληί̈δες
Id. 5.108
, cf. 2.17 , 124 , etc.
II. in respect of CONSTRUCTION.—Prop., the Relat. is governed by the Noun or Verb in its own clause.—But it is freq. thrown by attraction into the case of the antec. (prob. not in Hom. ,ἧςin Il. 5.265 , cf. 23.649 , can be expld. otherwise),ἀπὸ παιδεύσιος, τῆς ἐπεπαίδευτο(forτῇorτήν) Hdt. 4.78 ; freq. in Att. , Th. 7.21 , etc.: esp. where a Demonstr. Pron. is unexpressed, while the Relat. takes its case,οὐδὲν ὧν λέγω(forοὐδὲν τούτων ἃ λ.) S. El. 1048 , 1220 , etc.;ξὺν ᾧπερ εἶχον οἰκετῶν(forξὺν τούτῳ ὅνπερ) Id. OC 334 ;ἀνθ' ὧν ἂν ἐμοὶ δανείσῃς(forἀντὶ τούτων ἅ . .) X. Cyr. 3.1.34 ;πρὸς οἷς ἐκτήσαντο(forπρὸς τούτοις ἅ . .) Pl. Grg. 519a , etc.: the Demonstr. Pron. sts follows, ἀφ' ὧν ἐγένεσθε ἀγαθοί, ἀπὸ τούτων ὠφελεῖσθαι
Th. 3.64
, cf. D. 8.23 , 26 .—This attraction is rare, exc. when the acc. passes into the gen. or dat. (v. supr.): sts. nom. is so attracted,οὐδὲν εἰδότες τῶν ἦν(forτούτων ἃ ἦν) Hdt. 1.78 ;ἀφ' ὧν παρεσκεύασται(forἀπὸ τούτων ἃ π.) Th. 7.67 : also dat.,ὧν ἐγὼ ἐντετύχηκα οὐδείς(forτούτων οἷς . .) Pl. Grg. 509a .
b. reversely the antec. passes into the case of the Relat.,φυλακὰς δ' ἃς εἴρεαι . . , οὔτις(forφυλακῶν . . οὔτις) Il. 10.416 ;τὰς στήλας, τὰς ἵστα, αἱ πλεῦνες . .(forτῶν στηλῶν . . αἱ πλεῦνες) Hdt. 2.106 : so also when the Noun follows the Relat. clause, it may be put in apposition with the Relat., Κύκλωπος κεχόλωται, ὃν ὀφθαλμοῦ ἀλάωσεν, ἀντίθεον Πολύφημον
Od. 1.69
, cf. 4.11 , Il. 3.123 , A. Th. 553 , E. Hec. 771 , 986 , Hipp. 101 , etc.
2. the Demonstr. Pron. or the Noun with an Art. is sts. transferred to the Relat. clause,Ἰνδὸν ποταμόν, ὃς κροκοδείλους δεύτερος οὗτος . . παρέχεταιthe river Indus,being the second river which . . ,
: freq. in neut.,ἐς ὃ δυνάμιοςtowhat a heightof power, Hdt. 7.50 ;οἶσθ' οὖν ὃ κάμνει τοῦ λόγου;what partof thy speech, E. Ion 363 ;ᾧπερ τῆς τέχνης ἐπίστευον in which particularof their art . . , Th. 7.36 ;τὰ μακρὰ τείχη, ἃ σφῶν . . εἶχον which portionof their territory, Id. 4.109 , etc.: rarely in such forms asἕξουσι δ' ἣν λάβωσιν ἐν ταφῇ χθονός(forὃ χθονός) A. Th. 819 (χθόναcj. Brunck).
III. in respect of the Moods which follow the Relat.:
1. when the Relat. is equivalent toκαί+ demonstr. (ὅς = and he . .) any mood may follow which may be found in independent clauses :ἦλθε τὸ ναυτικὸν τὸ τῶν βαρβάρων, ὃ τίς οὐκ ἂν ἰδὼν ἐφοβήθη; Lys. 2.34 ; ὁ δ' εἰς τὸ σῶφρον ἐπ' ἀρετήν τ' ἄγων ἔρως ζηλωτὸς ἀνθρώποισιν: ὧν εἴην ἐγώ
E. Fr. 672
; ἐλπίς, ᾗ μόνῃ σωθεῖμεν ἄν
Id. Hel. 815
;εἰς καλὸν ἡμῖν Ἄνυτος ὅδε παρεκαθέζετο, ᾧ μεταδῶμεν τῆς σκέψεως to whomlet us . . , Pl. Men. 89e ;ὃν ὑμεῖς . . νομίσατε whichI would have you think . . , Lys. 19.61 : so theinf.in orat. obliq.,ἔτι δὲ . . προσετίθει χρήματα οὐκ ὀλίγα, οἷς χρήσεσθαι αὐτούς(sc.ἔφη) Th. 2.13 : for theinf.afterἐφ' ᾧ τε,
v. ἐπί
B. 111.3 .
2. afterὅς, ὅστις, = whoever,in collective hypothetical sense (=ifA +ifB +ifC . . ), the same moods are used as afterεἰ:
a. pres.ind., τῷδ' ἔφες ἀνδρὶ βέλος . . ὅς τις ὅδε κρατέει
Il. 5.175
; κλῦθι, ἄναξ, ὅτις ἐσσί
Od. 5.445
;δουληί̈ην . . , ἥτις ἐστί(as we say)whateverit is, Hdt. 6.12 ;ὅ τι ἀνὴρ καὶ γυνή ἐστι πλὴν παιδίων all thatare man and woman, Id. 2.60 ; Ζεύς, ὅστις ποτ' ἐστίν
A. Ag. 160
(lyr.): also after ὅς, ἐχθρὸς γάρ μοι κεῖνος . . ὃς πενίῃ εἴκων ἀπατήλια βάζει
Od. 14.157
, etc.
b. subj.withἄν(κεν) or, in poetry, withoutἄν: ξυνίει ἔπος ὅττι κεν εἴπω
19.378
; οὐ δηναιὸς ὃς ἀθανάτοισι μάχηται
Il. 5.407
:—in such cases the opt. is used after secondary tenses, Τρῶας ἄμυνε νεῶν, ὅς τις φέροι ἀκάματον πῦρ
c. sts. opt. withoutἄνafter a primary tense, ὃν πόλις στήσειε, τοῦδε χρὴ κλύειν
S. Ant. 666
; after an opt., ἔρδοι τις ἣν ἕκαστος εἰδείη τέχνην
Ar. V. 1431
.
IV. peculiar Idioms:
1. in Homer and correct writers, when two coordinate Relat. clauses were joined byκαίorδέ,the Relat. Pron. was freq. replaced in the second clause by the demonstr. even though the case was changed,ἄνδρα . . , ὃς μέγα πάντων Ἀργείων κρατέει καί οἱ πείθονται Ἀχαιοί(forκαὶ ᾧ) Il. 1.78 ;ὅου κράτος ἐστὶ μέγιστον . . : Θόωσα δέ μιν τέκε νύμφη(forὃν τέκε) Od. 1.70 , cf. 14.85 , etc. ; and this sts. even without the demonstr. being expressed,δοίη δ' ᾧ κ' ἐθέλοι καί οἱ κεχαρισμένος ἔλθοι(forκαὶ ὅς οἱ) 2.54 , cf. 114 ;οὕς κεν ἐύ̈ γνοίην καί τ' οὔνομα μυθησαίμην(forκαὶ ὧν) Il. 3.235 ;ᾗ χαλκὸς μὲν ὑπέστρωται, χαλκὸν δ' ἐπίεσται(nom. supplied) Orac. ap. Hdt. 1.47 ; ἃς ἐπιστήμας μὲν προσείπομεν . . , δέονται δὲ ὀνόματος ἄλλου
Pl. R. 533d
.
2. the neut. of the Relat. is used in Att. to introduce a clause qualifying the whole of the principal clause which follows : the latter clause is commonly introduced byγάρ, ὅτι, εἰ, ἐπειδή,etc., ὃ δὲ δεινότατόν γ' ἐστὶν ἁπάντων, ὁ Ζεὺς γὰρ . . ἕστηκεν κτλ.
(butὑποδέξασθαι <δεῖ>is prob. cj.), etc.:—so also the neut. pl.ἅmay meanwith reference to that which, ἃ δ' . . ἐστί σοι λελεγμένα, πᾶν κέρδος ἡγοῦ . . as to whathas been said . . , E. Med. 453 , cf. Hdt. 3.81 , S. OT 216 , Ar. Eq. 512 , etc.
3. in many instances the Gr. Relat. must be resolved into a Conj. and Pron.,θαυμαστὸν ποιεῖς, ὃς ἡμῖν οὐδὲν δίδως(=ὅτι σὺ) X. Mem. 2.7.13 , cf. Lys. 7.23 codd., Pl. Smp. 204b , etc.: very freq. in conditional clauses, forεἴorἐάν τις, βέλτερον Ὃς<>
4. the Relat. freq. stands where we should use a final Conj. or theinf.,ἄγγελον ἧκαν, ὃς ἀγγείλειεsent a messengertotell . . , Od. 15.458 ; κλητοὺς ὀτρύνομεν, οἵ κε τάχιστα ἔλθως' that they may . . ,
2. ὅς κεis also used so as to contain the antec. in itself, much like εἴ τις asνεμεσσῶμαί γε μὲν οὐδὲν κλαίειν, ὅς κε θάνῃσιI am not wroth that men should weepfor whoeverbe dead, Od. 4.196 :ὅστιςis also used in this way, cf. ὅστις
1
.
V. ὅσπερ, ὅστε, ὅστις, v.sub vocc.
0-2. A b. abs. usages of certain Cases of the Relat. Pron.:
I. gen. sg.οὗ,of Place,
1.
like ὅπου ,where,
A. Pers. 486 , S. OC 158 (lyr.), etc.; οὗ δή
A. Pr. 814
,v.l. in
Pl. Phdr. 248b , etc.; οὗπερ
A. Th. 1016
, S. Aj. 1237 , OC 77 , etc.; also of circumstances, οὗ γὰρ τοιούτων δεῖ, τοιοῦτός εἰμ' ἐγώ
Id. Ph. 1049
; εἰ γένοιο οὗ νῦν εἰμί
Pl. Smp. 194a
, etc.; ἔστιν οὗ in some places,
E. Or. 638
; οὗ μέν . . , οὗ δέ . . in some places . . , in others . . ,
Arist. Oec. 1345b34
: c. gen.,οὐκ εἶδεν οὗ γῆς εἰσέδυ in what partof the earth, E. IA [1583] ; ἐννοεῖς οὗ ἐστὶ . . τοῦ ἀναμιμνήσκεσθαι
Pl. Men. 84a
; συνιδὼν οὗ κακῶν ἦν
Luc. Tox. 17
.
2. in pregnant phrases,μικρὸν προϊόντες . . ,οὗ ἡ μάχη ἐγένετο(forἐκεῖσε οὗ) X. An. 2.1.6 ; so οὗπερ προσβεβοηθήκει
