(vi A.D.)):—with.The formξύνrarely occurs in Hom. , though it is not rare in compds. even when not required by the metre, as inξυνέαξα, ξυνοχῇσιν, ξύμβλητο, ξύμπαντα; Hes. also usesξύμπας, ξυνιέναι; in Ion. verse we find ξύν
, cf.ξυνωνίη, συνίημι; in early Ion. Prose (including Inscrr., cf. SIG 1.2 (Abu Simbel,vi B.C.), 167.37 (Mylasa,iv B.C.), etc.)ξύνis only found in ξυνίημι
Heraclit. 51
, Democr. 95 (cf.ἀξύνετος, ἀξυνεσίη, ξύνεσις), and in the phraseξὺν νῷ(νόῳcodd.) Heraclit. 114 , Democr. 35 ; Hdt. has onlyσύν, and in codd. Hp.
ξύνhas weaker authority thanσύν(i p.cxxv Kuehlewein); in the late Ionic of Aret. ,ξύνprevails overσύν; in Aeol. and Dor. it is rare, ξυνοίκην
Sapph. 75
; ξυναλίαξε
Ar. Lys. 93
; elsewh. Dor.
σύν, Leg.Gort. 5.6 , IG 9(1).334.47 ( Locr. ,v B.C.), etc.; but in old Att. Inscrr.ξύνis the only form up to 500 B.C.;σύνappears inv B.C.and becomes usual towards the end; after 378 B.C.ξύνsurvives only in the formulaγνώμην δὲ ξυμβάλλεσθαι κτλ.; the phraseξὺν νῷis found in Ar. Nu. 580 , Pl. Cri. 48c , Men. 88b , R. 619b ( σὺν
E. Or. 909
); otherwise, of Att. Prose writers Th. alone uses the prepositionξύν, Antipho and Lysias haveξυν-a few times in compds.; codd. Pl. have bothξυν-( Lg. 930a , al.) andσυν-; in Antipho Soph. Oxy. 1364 , Aristox. , Arr. , Ael. , and Anon.Rhythm.
ξυν-is very freq.; in Trag. both forms occur. The Prep.σύνgradually gave way toμετάwith gen., so that whereas A. has 67 examples ofσύνto 8 ofμετάwith gen., the proportions in Th. are 400 ofμετάto 37 ofσύν, in D. 346 ofμετάto 15 ofσύν, and in Arist. 300 ofμετάto 8 ofσύν: for these and other statistics see C. J. T. Mommsen,Beiträge zur Lehre von den griechischen Präpositionen(Frankfurt 1886 - 95 ): in Att. Prose and Com.σύνis restricted for the most part to signf. 8 , 9 and a few phrases, such asσὺν θεῷ, σὺν ̔τοῖς̓ ὅπλοις; Xenophon uses it freely, having 556 examples to 275 ofμετά; in Pap.,NT, and later Prose its use is much less restricted (v. infr.).
1. in company with, together with, δεῦρό ποτ' ἤλυθε . . ς. Μενελάῳ
Il. 3.206
; ξ. παιδὶ . . πύργῳ ἐφεστήκει
6.372
; ς. τοῖσδε ὑπέκφυγον
Od. 9.286
; καταφθίσθαι ς. ἐκείνῳ
2.183
; ἀπελαύνειν ς. τῷ στρατῷ
Hdt. 8.101
; ἐπαιδεύετο ς. τῷ ἀδελφῷ
X. An. 1.9.2
; ς. αὐτῷ σταυροῦσι δύο λῃστάς
Ev.Marc. 15.27
; οὐδένα ἔχω ς. ἐμοί
PSI 10.1161.12
(iv A.D.).
2. with collat. notion of help or aid,ς. θεῷ withGod'shelporblessing, as God wills, Il. 9.49 ; ς. σοί, πότνα θεά
Od. 13.391
; πέμψον δέ με ς. γε θεοῖσιν
Il. 24.430
, cf. 15.26 ; ς. θεῷ φυτευθεὶς ὄλβος
Pi. N. 8.17
;ς. θεῷ εἰρημένονspoken as by inspiration, Hdt. 1.86 ; ς. θεῷ δ' εἰρήσεται
4. of things that belong, or are attached, to a person,ς. νηί̈orς. νηυσί, i.e. on board ship, Il. 1.389 , 179 , etc.;ς. νηυσὶν ἀλαπάξαι, opp.πεζός, 9.328 (so in Prose, ς. ναυσὶ προσπλεῖν
C. σύνAS ADV.,together, at once, κενεὰς ς. Χεῖρας ἔχοντες
Od. 10.42
; mostly folld. byδέorτε
, ς. δὲ πτερὰ πυκνὰ λίασθεν
Il. 23.879
; ς. τε δύ' ἐρχομένω
10.224
(cf.σύνδυο) ; ξ. τε διπλοῖ βασιλῆς
S. Aj. 960
(lyr.). It is sts. hard to distinguish this from tmesis, e.g. in Il. 23.879 ; soξὺν κακῶς ποιεῖνis = Ξυγκακοποιεῖν in Th. 3.13 . In Old Testament Gr. it is sts. used to translate the Hebr.'ēth(particle prefixed to the definite accus.) through confusion with the Prep.'ēth'with', ἐμίσησα σὺν τὴν ζωήν
, Herod. 4.3 , Nic. Th. 8 , D.P. 843 (also in late Prose, Ath. 2.49a ; cf. supr. B. 3 ).
D. IN COMPO S.
I. with, along with, together, at the same time, hence of any kind of union, connexion, or participation in athing, and metaph. of agreement or unity. In Compos. with a trans. Verbσύνmay refer to the Object as well as the Subject, asσυγκατακτείνεινmay meankill one person as well as another, or,join with another in killing.
2. of the completion of an action,altogether, completely, as in συνάγνυμι, συνασκέω
2
,συνθρύπτω, συγκόπτω, συμπατέω, συμπληρόω, συντελέω, συντέμνω; sts., therefore, it seems only to strengthen the force of the simple word.
3. joined with numerals,σύνδυο two together, which sense often becomes distributive,by twos, two and two; soσύντρεις, σύμπεντε, etc.,likeLat.bini, terni, etc.
II. σύνin Compos., beforeβ μ π φ ψ, becomesσυμ-; beforeγ κ ξ Χ, συγ-; beforeλ συλ-; beforeςusu.συσ-; but becomesσυ-beforeςfollowed by a conson. (e.g.συστῆναι), beforeζ, and perh. sts. beforeξ. In a poet. passage, ap. Pl. Phdr. 237a , we haveξύμalone in tmesi,ξύμ μοι λάβεσθεforσυλλάβεσθέ μοι; cf. ὅτε ξὺμ πρῶτ' ἐφύοντο
Emp. 95
: in Inscrr. and Papyri these assimilations are freq. not found.
