βάρβᾰρος, ον,
barbarous, i.e. non-Greek, foreign, not in [[ 8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus (but compare βαρβαρόφωνος); β. ψυχαί 1st c.AD(?): Heraclitus 107 ] Refs 8th c.BC+]; especially as substantive βάρβαροι, οἱ, originally all non-Greek-speaking peoples, then specially of the Medes and Persians, [[ 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Persae” 255, 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 1.58, etc.: generally, opposed to Ἕλληνες, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Politicus” 262d, compare 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.3, 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Politica” 1252b5, 1st c.BC-1st c.AD: Strabo Geographus 14.2.28; βαρβάρων Ἕλληνας ἄρχειν εἰκός 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Iphigenia Aulidensis” 1400; β. καὶ δοῦλον ταὐτὸ φύσει 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Politica” 1252b9; οἱ β. δουλικώτεροι τὰ ἤθη φύσει τῶν Ἑλλήνων [prev. work] 1285a20 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; β. πόλεμον war with the barbarians, [[ 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 2.36 codices ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; ἡ βάρβαρος (i.e. γῆ), opposed to αἱ Ἑλληνίδες πόλεις, [[ 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 2.97, compare 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Persae” 187, 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Anabasis” 5.5.16. ] Refs 5th c.BC+] adverb -ρως, opposed to Ἑλληνικῶς,[[ 3rd c.AD: Porphyrius Tyrius Philosophus “de Abstinentia - Porphyrii Opuscula” 3.3. ] Refs 3rd c.AD+]
__2 especially of language, φωνὴ β. [[ 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Agamemnon” 1051, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Protagoras” 341c; γλῶσσα β. 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Ajax” 1263, compare 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 2.57, 1st c.BC-1st c.AD: Strabo Geographus [prev. cited] above, etc.] Refs 5th c.BC+]; συλλραφαί[[ Hippias 6 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator ] Refs 4th c.BC+]; of birds, [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Aves” 199. ] Refs 5th c.BC+] adverb, βαρβάρως, ὠνόμασται have foreign names, [[ 1st c.BC-1st c.AD: Strabo Geographus 10.3.17. ] Refs 1st c.BC+]