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καθίστημι,
__A in causal sense:—active, in present, imperfect, future, and perfect καθέστᾰκα [[ 4th c.BC: Hyperides Orator “pro Euxenippo” 28, LXX.Jer.1.10, 1st c.BC: Dionysius Halicarnassensis “de Demosthene” 54, 1st c.BC: Diodorus Siculus Historicus 32.11, etc.; once καθέστηκα “PHib.” 1.82i14 (3rd c.BC)] LXX+4th c.BC+]: pluperfect -εστάκει[[ Demetrius Astrologus Sceps. cited in 2nd c.AD: Athenaeus Epigrammaticus 15.697d ] Refs 2nd c.AD+]:—also in middle, future [[(2nd c.AD: Pausanias Periegeta 3.5.1)] Refs 2nd c.AD+], aorist 1, more rarely present (below [[ 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus 11.2)] Refs 4th c.BC+]:—set down, κρητῆρα καθίστα [[ 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 9.202 ] Refs 8th c.BC+]; νῆα κατάστησον bring it to land, [[ 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 12.185 ] Refs 8th c.BC+]; κ. δίφρους place, station them, before starting for the race, [[ 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Electra” 710 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; ποῖ [δεῖ] καθιστάναι πόδ; [[ 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Bacchae” 184; κ. τινὰ εἰς τὸ φανερόν 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Anabasis” 7.7.22 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; set up, erect, of stones, [[ “Inscription Cyprian dialect” 94, 95 H.:] Refs] —middle, [λαῖφος] κατεστήσαντο βοεῦσι steadied it, [[ “hymnus ad Apollinem” 407. ] Refs]
__A.2 bring down to a place, τούς μ᾽ ἐκέλευσα Πύλονδε καταστῆσαι [[ 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 13.274 ] Refs 8th c.BC+]: generally, bring, κ. τινὰ ἐς Νάξον [[ 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 1.64, compare 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 4.78 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; especially bring back, πάλιν αὐτὸν κ. ἐς τὸ τεῖχος σῶν καὶ ὑγιᾶ [[ [prev. author] 3.34; κ. τοὺς Ἕλληνας εἰς Ἰωνίαν πάλιν 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Anabasis” 1.4.13 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; without πάλιν, replace, restore, ἐς φῶς σὸν κ. βίον [[ 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Alcestis” 362 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; ἃς (i.e. τὰς κόρας) οὐδ᾽ ὁ Μελάμπους.. καταστήσειεν ἄν cure their squint, [[ 2nd c.AD: Alexander Rhetor 112.5 ] Refs 2nd c.AD+]; ἰκτεριῶντας κ. [[ 1st c.AD: Dioscorides (Dioscurides) Medicus 4.1] Refs 1st c.AD+]; τὸ σῶμα restore the general health, [[ 5th c.BC: Hippocrates Medicus “γυναικεῖα” 2.133 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]:—middle, κατεστήσαντο (variant for{κατεκτήσαντο}) εὐδαιμονίαν [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Isocrates Orator 4.62 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]:—passive, οὐκ ἂν ἀντὶ πόνων Χάρις καθίσταιτο would be returned, [[ 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 4.86. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
Close Browse lexicon entries __A.3 bring before a ruler or magistrate, [[ 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 1.209, “PRyl.” 65.10 (1st c.BC)] Refs 5th c.BC+], etc.; τινὰ ἐπί τινα [[ “PCair.Zen.” 202.6 (3rd c.BC), “POxy.” 281.24 (1st c.AD). ] Refs 3rd c.BC+]
__A.II set in order, array, of soldiers, [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Anabasis” 1.10.10 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; set as guards, προφυλακάς [[[prev. work] 3.2.1, etc. ] Refs]
__A.II.2 ordain, appoint, κατέστησε τύραννον εἶναι παῖδα τὸν ἑωυτοῦ [[ 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 5.94, compare 25 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]: usually without the infinitive, κ. τινὰ ὕπαρχον [[ [prev. author] 7.105 ] Refs]; ἄλλον [ἄρχοντα] ἀντὶ αὐτοῦ [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 3.1.12, etc.; βασιλέα ἐπί τινας LXX.1Ki.8.5, +others; τινὰ ἐς μοναρχίαν 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Supplices” 352; ἐπὶ τὰς ἀρχάς 5th-6th c.BC: Isocrates Orator 12.132; τινὰ τύραννον 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Aves” 1672; κ. ἐγγυητάς 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 1.196, 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Ecclesiazusae” 1064 ] LXX+5th c.BC+]; δικαστάς, ἐπιμελητάς, νομοθέτας, [[ [prev. author] “Pl.” 917, 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 8.1.9, 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 3.10 (sed to be read καθίσατε,compare καθίζω 1.4)] Refs 5th c.BC+]; of games, etc., γυμνικοὺς ἀγῶνας κ. [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Isocrates Orator 4.1 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]: rarely with infinitive, οἱ καθιστάντες μουσικῇ.. παιδεύειν [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 410b ] Refs 5th c.BC+]:—so in passive, κυβερνᾶν κατασταθείς [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Memorabilia” 1.7.3 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]: aorist middle, appoint for oneself, τύραννον καταστησάμενοι παρὰ. σφίσι αὐτοῖσι [[ 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 5.92.á; ἄρχοντας 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Anabasis” 3.1.39, etc. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__A.II.2.b especially of laws, constitutions, ceremonies, etc., establish, νόμους, τελετάς, [[ 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Orestes” 892, “Ba.” 21, etc.] Refs 5th c.BC+]; πολιτείαν, δημοκρατίαν, [[ 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Ἀθηναίων Πολιτεία” 7.1, Decrees [prev. work] 29.3; ὀλιγαρχίαν 5th c.BC: Lysias Orator 12.42 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; also, set in order, arrange, πολιτείαν [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 590e ] Refs 5th c.BC+]:—also in middle, τοῦτο βουλευτήριον φρούρημα γῆς καθίσταμαι [[ 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Eumenides” 706; τὴν Ἱππίου καθίσταμαι τυραννίδα 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Vespae” 502; καθίστατο τὰ περὶ τὴν Μυτιλήνην ᾗ αὐτῷ ἐδόκει 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 3.35; πόλεις ἐπὶ τὸ ὠφέλιμον [prev. author] 1.76; [Εὔβοιαν] ὁμολογίᾳ [prev. work] 114 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; πρὸς ἐμὲ τὸ πρᾶγμα καταστήσασθαι settle it with me, [[ 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 21.90. ] Refs 4th c.BC+]
__A.II.3 bring into a certain state, τινὰ ἐς ἀπόνοιαν [[ 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.82; ἐς ἀπορίαν [prev. author] 7.75; εἰς ἀνάγκην 5th c.BC: Lysias Orator 3.3; εἰς αἰσχύνην 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Sophista” 230d; εἰς ἐρημίαν φίλων [prev. author] “Phdr.” 232d; εἰς ἀγῶνα [prev. author] “Ap.” 24c; τινὰ εἰς ἀσφάλειαν 5th-6th c.BC: Isocrates Orator 5.123 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; τίνας εἰς ἀγῶνα καθέστακ; [[ 4th c.BC: Hyperides Orator “pro Euxenippo” 28, compare 4th c.BC: Lycurgus Orator 2; κ. τινὰ ἐν ἀγῶνι καὶ κινδύνῳ 5th c.BC: Antipho Orator 5.61; τὴν πόλιν ἐν πολέμῳ 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Menexenus” 242a; τοὺς φίλους ἐν ἀκινδύνῳ 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 4.5.28 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; κ. ἑαυτὸν ἐς κρίσιν present himself for trial, [[ 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.131, compare 4th c.BC: Lycurgus Orator 6 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; κ. τινὰ εἰς τοὺς ἀρχικούς reckon him as one of.., [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Memorabilia” 2.1.9. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__A.II.4 with double accusative, make, render so and so, ψευδῆ γ᾽ ἐμαυτόν [[ 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Antigone” 657; ἡ ἐπιθυμία κ. τινὰ ἀμνήμονα 5th c.BC: Antipho Orator 2.1.7 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; τὸ πιστὸν ὑμᾶς ἀπιστοτέρους κ. [[ 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.68 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; κ. τι φανερόν, σαφές, [[ [prev. author] 2.42, 1.32 ] Refs]; τινὸς ἐπίπονον τὸν βίον κ. [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Isocrates Orator 10.17: with ] Refs 5th c.BC+]participle, κλαίοντα καθιστάναι τινά bring one to tears, [[ 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Andromache” 635: rarely with ] Refs 5th c.BC+]infinitive, κ. τινὰ φεύγειν make him fly, [[ 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 2.84, compare 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Alcestis” 283, 2nd c.AD: Lucianus Sophista “Charid.” 8 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]:—passive, ἀνάγκη τὴν ναυμαχίαν πεζομαχίαν καθίστασθαι [[ 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 2.89. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__A.II.5 middle, get for oneself, τὴν ζόην καταστήσασθαι ἀπ᾽ ἔργων ἀνοσιωτάτων [[ 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 8.105. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__A.II.6 make, in periphrases, πάννυχοι.. διάπλοον καθίστασαν [[ 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Persae” 382:] Refs 4th c.BC+] —middle, κρυφαῖον ἔκπλουν οὐδαμῇ καθίστατο[[ [prev. work] 385. ] Refs]
__B intransitive in aorist 2, perfect καθέστηκα, and pluperfect of active (also future καθεστήξω [[ 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 3.37, 102), and all tenses of ] Refs 5th c.BC+]middle (except aorist 1) and passive: perfect καθέσταμαι[[ in later Greek, “IG” 22.1006.24 (2nd c.BC), LXX.Num.3.32, etc.] LXX+2nd c.BC+]:—to be set, set oneself down, settle, ἐς [Αἴγιναν] [[ 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 3.131, compare 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 4.75 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; [ὀδύναι] καθίσταντο ἐς ὑπογάστριον [[ 5th c.BC: Hippocrates Medicus “ἐπιδημίαι” 7.97 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; of joints, ἐξίσταται ἀνωδύνως καὶ κ. goes out of joint and in again, [[ [prev. author] “Art.” 8 ] Refs]; κ. ἐς Ῥήγιον to make R. a base of operations, [[ 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 3.86 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; simply, to be come to a place, ὅποι καθέσταμεν [[ 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Coloneus” 23. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__B.b come before another, stand in his presence, [[ 5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “P.” 4.135; λέξον καταστάς 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Persae” 295 ] Refs 5th c.BC+] (unless it be taken in signification [[ 4), compare 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 1.152; κ. ἐς ὄψιν τινός [prev. author] 7.29; καταστάντες ἐπὶ τοὺς ἄρχοντας ἔλεγον [prev. author] 3.46, compare 156; καταστὰς ἐπὶ τὸ πλῆθος ἔλεγε 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 4.84. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__B.2 to be set as guard, ὑπό τινος [[ 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 7.59, compare 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Coloneus” 356, 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Anabasis” 4.5.19, etc.] Refs 5th c.BC+]; to be appointed, δεσπότης.. καθέστηκα [[ 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Hercules Furens” 142; στρατηλάτης νέος καταστάς [prev. author] “Supp.” 1216 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; κ. Χορηγὸς εἰς Θαργήλια, στρατηγός, etc., [[ 5th c.BC: Antipho Orator 6.11, 5th-6th c.BC: Isocrates Orator 4.35, etc.; οἱ πρόβουλοι καθεστᾶσιν ἐπὶ τοῖς βουλευταῖς 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Politica” 1299b37 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; δικτάτωρ.. καθε[στάμενος τὸ τέταρτον], = Latin dictator designatus quartum, of Caesar, [[ “IG” 12(2).35b7 (Mytil.). ] Refs]
__B.3 deposit a sediment, [[ 5th c.BC: Hippocrates Medicus “ἐπιδημίαι” 1.2, 7. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__B.4 also, stand or become quiet or calm, of water, ὅταν ἡ λίμνη καταστῇ [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Equites” 865, compare “PHolm.” 16.3 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; θάλασσα γαληνὴ καὶ κ. [[ 2nd c.BC: Polybius Historicus 21.31.10 ] Refs 2nd c.BC+]; πνεῦμα λεῖον καὶ καθεστηκός calm and settled, [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Ranae” 1003 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; ὁ θόρυβος κατέστη subsided, [[ 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 3.80 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; of laughter, [[ 2nd-3rd c.AD: Philostratus Sophista “Vita Apollonii” 3.4 ] Refs 2nd c.AD+]; of a swelling, [[ 5th c.BC: Hippocrates Medicus “προγνωστικόν” 7; ἕως τὰ πράγματα κατασταίη 5th c.BC: Lysias Orator 13.25 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; also of persons, καταστάς composedly, [[ 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Persae” 295 (but see above 1b)] Refs 4th c.BC+]; [ἡ ψυχὴ] καθίσταται καὶ ἠρεμίζεται [[ 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Physica” 248a2 ] Refs 4th c.BC+]; ὁρῶμεν [τοὺς ἐνθουσιαστικοὺς].. καθισταμένους [[ [prev. author] “Pol.” 1342a10; καθεστηκυίας τῆς διανοίας 1st c.BC(?): Ocellus Lucanus Philosophus 4.13 ] Refs 1st c.BC+]; καθεστῶτι προσώπῳ with composed, calm countenance, [[ 1st-2nd c.AD: Plutarchus Biographus et Philosophus “Fabius Maximus” 17; μαίνεσθαι καὶ ἔξω τοῦ καθεστηκότος εἶναι 2nd c.AD: Lucianus Sophista “Philops.” 5 ] Refs 1st c.AD+]; τίς ἂν καθεστηκὼς φήσαι; what person of mature judgement would say.. ? [[ 1st c.BC: Philodemus Philosophus “περὶ ποιημάτων” 5.15 ] Refs 1st c.BC+]; ἡ καθεστηκυῖα ἡλικία middle age, [[ 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 2.36 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; ἡλικία μέση καὶ κ. [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Epistulae” 316c ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; οἱ καθεστηκότες those of middle age, [[ 5th c.BC: Hippocrates Medicus “ἀφορισμοί” 1.13 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]: also, with metaphor from wine, mellow, of persons, [[ 2nd c.AD: Alexander Rhetor 45.8. ] Refs 2nd c.AD+]
__B.5 come into a certain state, become, and in perfect and pluperfect, to have become, be, ἀντὶ φίλου πολέμιόν τινι κ. [[ 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 1.87; οἱ μὲν ὀφθαλμῶν ἰητροὶ κατεστέασι, οἱ δὲ κεφαλῆς [prev. author] 2.84; ἔμφρων καθίσταται 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Ajax” 306; τῶν ἄνωθεν ὑπόπτων καθεστώτων 4th-3rd c.BC: Epicurus Philosophus “Sententiae” 13; ἐς μάχην 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 3.45; ἐς πόλεμον ὑμῖν καὶ μάχην κ. 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Hercules Furens” 1168; ἐς πάλην καθίσταται δορὸς τὸ πρᾶγμα [prev. author] “Heracl.” 159; ἐς τὴν ἴησιν 5th c.BC: Hippocrates Medicus “προρρητικόν” 2.12 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; ἐς τὸ αὐτό they recover, [[ [prev. author] “Coac.” 160 (later _absolutely_, καταστῆναι καὶ μηδενὸς ἔτι φαρμάκου δεηθῆναι 2nd c.AD: Galenus Medicus “περὶ λεπτυνούσης διαίτης - CMG” 1); ἐς τοὺς κινδύνους 5th c.BC: Antipho Orator 2.3.1; ἐς φόβον 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 8.12, 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 2.81 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; ἐς δέος, λύπην, [[ [prev. author] 4.108, 7.75; ἐς φυγήν [prev. author] 2.81; ἐς ἔχθραν τινί 5th-6th c.BC: Isocrates Orator 9.67 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; εἰς ὁμόνοιαν, εἰς πολλὴν ἀθυμίαν, [[ 5th c.BC: Lysias Orator 18.18, 12.3 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; καταστῆναι ἐς συνήθειάν τινος τὴν πόλιν ποιεῖν make the city become accustomed to it, [[ 4th c.BC: Aeschines Orator 1.165; ἀντιστασιώτης κατεστήκεε ] Refs 4th c.BC+]had been, [[ 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 1.92, compare 9.37; ἐν δείματι μεγάλῳ κατέστασαν [prev. author] 7.138; καταστάντων σφι εὖ τῶν πρηγμάτων [prev. work] 132 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; τίνι τρόπῳ καθέστατ; in what case are ye? [[ 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Tyrannus” 10 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; φονέα με φησὶ.. καθεστάναι[[ [prev. work] 703; ἄπαρνος δ᾽ οὐδενὸς καθίστατο [prev. author] “Ant.” 435; κρυπτὸς καταστάς 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Andromache” 1064; οἱ ἐν τούτῳ τῆς ἡλικίας καθεστῶτες ἐν ᾧ.. 5th c.BC: Antipho Orator 2.1.1 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; ἐν οἵῳ τρόπῳ [ἡ τῶν Ἀθηναίων ἀρχὴ] κατέστη how it came into being, [[ 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.97, compare 96 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; ἀρξάμενος εὐθὺς καθισταμένου (i.e. τοῦ πολέμου) from its first commencement, [[ [prev. author] 1.1. ] Refs]
__B.6 to be established or instituted, prevail, καί σφι μαντήϊον Διὸς κατέστηκε [[ 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 2.29; ἄγραι.. πολλαὶ κατεστᾶσι [prev. work] 70, compare 1.200 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; ὅδε σφι νόμος κατεστήκεε[[ [prev. work] 197; βροτοῖσιν ὃς καθέστηκεν νόμος 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Hippolytus” 91 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]: with infinitive, θεὸν Ἀμφιάραον πρώτοις Ὠρωπίοις κατέστη νομίζειν [[ 2nd c.AD: Pausanias Periegeta 1.34.2 ] Refs 2nd c.AD+]: perfect participle, existing, established, prevailing, τὸν νῦν κατεστεῶτα κόσμον[[ Hdt 1.65; ἦν κατεστηκὸς οὐδὲν φόρου πέρι [prev. author] 3.89 ] Refs]; τοὺς κατεστεῶτας τριηκοσίους the regular[[ 300, [prev. author] 7.205; οἱ καθεστῶτες νόμοι 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Antigone” 1113, 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Nubes” 1400 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; τὰ καθεστῶτα the present state of life, [[ 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Antigone” 1160 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; also, existing laws, usages, τὰ τότε κ., τά ποτε κ., [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Leges” 798b, 5th-6th c.BC: Isocrates Orator 7.56; ἐπὶ τοῖσι κατεστεῶσι ἔνεμε τὴν πόλιν 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 1.59. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__B.7 of purchases, cost, πλέον ἢ ὅσου ἐμοὶ κατέστησαν more than they stood me in, [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Andocides Orator 2.11, compare 1st-2nd c.AD: Plutarchus Biographus et Philosophus 2.349a. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__B.8 stand against, oppose, πρός τινα uncertain reading in [[ 2nd c.BC: Polybius Historicus 23.18.5 ] Refs 2nd c.BC+]:—passive, Τιτήνεσσι κατέσταθεν [[ 8th-7th c.BC: Hesiodus Epicus “Theogonia” 674. ] Refs 8th c.BC+]
__C aorist 1 middle and sometimes present middle are used in transitive sense, see above [[ 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus 11.2f ] Refs 4th c.BC+]
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