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κατέχω,
future καθέξω (of duration) [[ 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 18.332, κατασχήσω (of momentary action) 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 5.72, 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 4.42: ] Refs 8th c.BC+]aorist κατέσχον, poetry
__A κατέσχεθον [[ 8th-7th c.BC: Hesiodus Epicus “Theogonia” 575, 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Electra” 754 ] Refs 8th c.BC+]; Epic dialect 3rd.pers. singular κάσχεθε [[ 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 11.702 ] Refs 8th c.BC+], Aeolic dialect κατέσκ [εθε] [[ 7th-6th c.BC: Alcaeus Lyricus “Supp.” la.12; _imperative_ κατάσχες 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Bacchae” 555 (Lyric poetry), later κατάσχε 2nd-3rd c.AD: Philostratus Sophista “Epistulae” 38 (variant), “PMag.Lond.” 97.404] Refs 7th c.BC+]; late aorist κατέσχα [[ “PGen.” 54.22 (4th c.AD). ] Refs 4th c.AD+]
__A.I transitive, hold fast, καλύπτρην χείρεσσι [[ 8th-7th c.BC: Hesiodus Epicus “Theogonia” 575. ] Refs 8th c.BC+]
__A.I.b hold back, withhold, εἴ με βίῃ ἀέκοντα καθέξει [[ 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 15.186, compare 11.702, 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 15.200; ἐν κολεῷ ξίφος 5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “N.” 10.6 ] Refs 8th c.BC+]: check, restrain, bridle, ἑωυτόν [[ 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 6.129, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Charmides” 162c, 4th-3rd c.BC: Menander Comicus “Σαμία” 112 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; [γυναῖκε] [[ 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Persae” 190; ἱππικὸν δρόμον 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Electra” 754; δάκρυ 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Agamemnon” 204 (Lyric poetry)] Refs 5th c.BC+]; ὀργήν, θυμόν, ὕβριν, etc., [[ 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Electra” 1011, “OC” 874, 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Bacchae” 555 (Lyric poetry), etc.; δύνασιν 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Antigone” 605 (Lyric poetry); τὴν διάνοιαν 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.130 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; κ. τὴν ἀγωγήν put it off, [[ [prev. author] 6.29 ] Refs]; κ. τὸ πλῆθος ἐλευθέρως, ἰσχύϊ, [[ [prev. author] 2.65, 3.62; κ. τινὰ πολέμῳ [prev. author] 1.103; τὰ δάκρυα 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Phaedo” 117d, +others; τὸν γέλωτα 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 2.2.5, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Laches” 184a, 4th-3rd c.BC: Theophrastus Philosophus “Characteres” 2.4 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; οὖρον hold in, [[ 2nd c.AD: Galenus Medicus 8.407 (but -όμενα [οὖρα] as a disease, 5th c.BC: Hippocrates Medicus “προρρητικόν” 1.59, compare 2nd c.AD: Galenus Medicus 16.639)] Refs 5th c.BC+]; ἑαυτὸν κατέχει μὴ ἐπιπηδᾶν restrains himself from.., [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Phaedrus” 254a ] Refs 5th c.BC+]:—passive, to be held down, γλῶσσα κατείχετο [[ 5th c.BC: Hippocrates Medicus “ἐπιδημίαι” 5.50; ἐπιθυμίας -ομένας 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 554c ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; to be bound, ὁρκίοισι μεγάλοισι [[ 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 1.29; ὑποσχέσει “PAmh.” 2.97.17 (2nd c.AD)] Refs 5th c.BC+]; τοῖς τινων ὀφειλήμασιν [[ “PRyl.” 117.13 (3rd c.AD)] Refs 3rd c.AD+]; of a nation, to be kept under (by tyrants), [[ 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 1.59. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
Browse lexicon entries__A.I.c detain, κ. [αὐτοὺς] ἐνιαυτόν [[ [prev. author] 6.128, compare 8.57, 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 8.100; κ. [αὐτοὺς] ὥστε μὴ ἀπιέναι 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Memorabilia” 2.6.11 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]:—passive, to be detained, stay, [[ 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 8.117, 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Trachiniae” 249; περὶ Κρήτην 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 2.86, etc. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__A.I.d in imprecations, inhibit (compare καταδέω[[ (A) 111), “Tab.Defix.Aud.” 50.11 (4th c.BC), “PMag.Par.” 1.2077; Μανῆν καταδῶ καὶ κατέχω “Tab.Defix.” 109. ] Refs 4th c.BC+]
__A.I.e place under arrest, [[ PFlor. 61.60 (1st c.AD), etc. ] Refs 1st c.AD+]
__A.I.f keep an oath, ὅρκον [[ “SIG” 526.39 (Itanos, 3rd c.BC). ] Refs 3rd c.BC+]
__A.I.2 c.genitive, gain possession of, be master of, τῶν ἐπιστημῶν μὴ πάνυ κ. [[ 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Categoriae” 9a6; τῆς ὀργῆς 4th-3rd c.BC: Philemo Comicus 185 codices 5th c.AD: Stobaeus, Joannes; τῆς παραποταμίας βίᾳ κατέσχον 1st c.BC: Diodorus Siculus Historicus 12.82, compare 2nd c.BC: Polybius Historicus 14.1.9; τῆς Ἀσίας ἐθνῶν 2nd c.AD: Appianus Historicus “Praefatio” 9 ] Refs 4th c.BC+]; control, τινων [[ LXX.1Mac.6.27 ] LXX]; ἑαυτῶν Erot.see entry προπετή; μηκέτι κατέχων ἑαυτοῦ [[ 2nd c.AD: Herodianus Grammaticus 1.15.1, compare 1.7.3 ] Refs 2nd c.AD+]; cling to, τῶν κεράτων τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου [[ LXX.3Ki.1.51. ] LXX]
__A.II possess, occupy, especiallyof rulers, [[ 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Septem contra Thebas” 732 (Lyric poetry), 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Hecuba” 81 (_anapaest meter_)] Refs 5th c.BC+]; σῴζειν ἅπερ ἃν ἅπαξ κατάσχωσι whatever they have got, [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Isocrates Orator 12.242 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; especially of property. enjoy possession of, [[ PTeb. 5.47 (2nd c.BC)] Refs 2nd c.BC+], etc. (but also, sequestrate, [[ PLille 3.16 (_passive_, 3rd c.BC), etc.)] Refs 3rd c.BC+]; ὡς μηδὲν ἔχοντες καὶ πάντα κατέχοντες [[ NT.2Cor.6.10. ] NT]
__A.II.b dwell in, occupy, Ὀλύμπου αἴγλαν [[ 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Antigone” 609 (Lyric poetry)] Refs 5th c.BC+]; especially of tutelary gods, Παρνασίαν ὃς κ. πέτραν, of Dionysus, [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Nubes” 603 (Lyric poetry), compare 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 2.1.1, “SIG” 662.10 (Delos, 2nd c.BC), 2nd c.AD: Lucianus Sophista “Alex.” 10 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; of a place, μέσον ὀμφαλὸν γᾶς Φοίβου κ. δόμος [[ 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Ion” 223 (Lyric poetry)] Refs 5th c.BC+]; of the dead. θήκας Ἰλιάδος γᾶς.. κατέχουσι occupy, [[ 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Agamemnon” 454 (Lyric poetry), compare 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Ajax” 1167 (_anapaest meter_). ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__A.II.2 of sound, fill, οἱ δ᾽ ἀλαλητῷ πᾶν πεδίον κατέχουσι [[ 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 16.79 ] Refs 8th c.BC+]; κ. στρατόπεδον δυσφημίαις fill it with his grievous cries, [[ 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Philoctetes” 10; οἰμωγὴ.. κατεῖχε πελαγίαν ἅλα 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Persae” 427, compare 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Hippolytus” 1133 (Lyric poetry)] Refs 5th c.BC+]:—passive, οἶκος κλαυθμῷ κατείχετο [[ 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 1.111. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__A.II.3 πανδάκρυτον βιοτὰν κ. continue to live a life.., [[ 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Philoctetes” 690 (Lyric poetry). ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__A.II.4 to be spread over, cover, νὺξ.. δνοφερὴ κάτεχ᾽ οὐρανόν [[ 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 13.269; ἡμέρα πᾶσαν κατέσχε γαῖαν 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Persae” 387, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Nubes” 572 (Lyric poetry)] Refs 8th c.BC+]; τίνες αὖ πόντον κατέχουσ᾽ αὖρα; [[ 5th c.BC: Cratinus Comicus 138; ὀσμὴ.. κατὰ πᾶν ἔχει δῶ 5th c.BC: Hermippus Comicus 82.9 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]:—passive, σελήνη.. κατείχετο.. νεφέεσσιν [[ 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 9.145, compare 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 17.368, 644 ] Refs 8th c.BC+]:—middle, Epic dialect aorist, κατέσχετο χερσὶ πρόσωπα [[ 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 19.361 ] Refs 8th c.BC+]; κατασχομένη ἑανῷ having covered her face, [[ 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 3.419. ] Refs 8th c.BC+]
__A.II.5 of the grave, confine, cover, τοὺς δ᾽ ἤδη κάτεχεν φυσίζοος αἶα [[ 3.243, compare 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 11.301, Oracle texts cited in 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 1.67 ] Refs 8th c.BC+]; as a threat, πάρος τινὰ γαῖα καθέξει sooner shall earth cover many a one, [[ 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 16.629, compare 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 13.427, etc. ] Refs 8th c.BC+]
__A.II.6 of circumstances, etc., hold fast, have one in their power, μιν κατὰ γῆρας ἔχει χεῖράς τε πόδας τε [[ 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 11.497 ] Refs 8th c.BC+]; ὃν θάνατος δακρυόεις καθέχει (sic) [[ “IG” 12.987; ἐχθρὰ Φάλαριν κ. φάτις 5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “P.” 1.96; τινὰ.. λάθα κ. [prev. author] “N.” 8.24; [φθορὰ] κ. τὸν σὸν δόμον 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Coloneus” 370 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; τύχη, πόλεμος κ. τινά, [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Hp.Ma.” 304c, “Ep.” 317a ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; κ. κίνδυνος Σικελίαν[[ [prev. work] 355d; συνέβη λοιμώδη νόσον κατασχεῖν τὴν Ἰταλίαν 2nd c.AD: Herodianus Grammaticus 1.12.1 ] Refs 2nd c.AD+]:—passive, ὑπὸ μεγάλης ἀνάγκης κατεχόμενοι [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Leges” 858a ] Refs 5th c.BC+]: rarely in good sense, ὁ δ᾽ ὄλβιος, ὃν φᾶμαι κατέχοντ᾽ ἀγαθαί [[ 5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “O.” 7.10; μεγάλαι κ. τύχαι γένος ὀρνίθων 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Aves” 1726 (Lyric poetry); εὐμοιρίας -εχούσης τὸν βίον 2nd c.AD: Herodianus Grammaticus 2.5.1. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__A.II.6.b of circumstances, etc., prevail, prevail among, engage, ἄλλα τῶν κατεχόντων πρηγμάτων χαλεπώτερα [[ 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 6.40, compare 1.65 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; μεγάλοι θόρυβοι κατέχουσ᾽ ἡμᾶς murmurs are rife among us, [[ 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Ajax” 142 (_anapaest meter_)] Refs 5th c.BC+]; φήμης ἀθρόας -σχούσης τὸ Ἑλληνικόν a sudden rumour having overspread Greece, [[ 2nd-3rd c.AD: Philostratus Sophista “Vita Apollonii” 8.15. ] Refs 2nd c.AD+]
__A.II.7 seize, occupy, in right of conquest, τὸ Καδμείων πέδον uncertain in [[ 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Coloneus” 381 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; especially in historical writers, -σχήσειν [τὴν ἀκρόπολιν] [[ 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 5.72; τὰ πρήγματα [prev. author] 3.143; τὰ ἐχυρά 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 3.1.27; τὰ κύκλῳ τῆς Ἀττικῆς ἁρμοσταῖς 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 18.96; φρουραῖς τὰς πόλεις 1st-2nd c.AD: Plutarchus Biographus et Philosophus 2.177d. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__A.II.8 achieve, effect an object, [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Isocrates Orator 2.25; πρᾶξιν 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Politica” 1312a33. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__A.II.9 master, understand, οὐ κατέχω τί βούλει φράζειν [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Philebus” 26c, compare “Men.” 72d, 1st c.AD: Cebes Philosophus 34; περὶ φύσεως κ. πάντας τοὺς λόγους 3rd c.BC(?): Sosipater Comicus 1.17, compare 33 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; κ. νοῦν στίχων grasp the sense of.., [[Puchstein “epigram Gr.” p.9. ] Refs]
__A.II.9.b keep in mind, remember, χρήσιμον καὶ τοῦτο κατασχεῖν τὸ στοιχεῖον [[ 4th-3rd c.BC: Epicurus Philosophus “Epistulae” 1p.10U., compare 4th-3rd c.BC: Theophrastus Philosophus “Characteres” 26.2, 4th-3rd c.BC: Menander Comicus “Ἐπιτρέποντες” 109 ] Refs 4th c.BC+]; κ. τινὰ ὀψοφάγον Chrysipp.Tyan. cited in [[ 2nd c.AD: Athenaeus Epigrammaticus 1.5e ] Refs 2nd c.AD+]; κ. ὅτι, διότι, [[ “PCair.Zen.” 60.10 (3rd c.BC), 1st c.BC: Philodemus Gadarensis Epigrammaticus “Herc.” 1251.15] Refs 3rd c.BC+]:—passive, [[ 4th-3rd c.BC: Epicurus Philosophus “Epistulae” 1p.31U. ] Refs 4th c.BC+]
__A.II.10 possess, of a god, εἰ θεός ἐστιν ὁ σὰς κατέχων φρένας [[ “PLit.Lond.” 52.12 ] Refs]; τοιοῦτος ἔρως κατεῖχε τὴν ἄνθρωπον she was so infatuated, [[ 1st-2nd c.AD: Plutarchus Biographus et Philosophus “Alcibiades” 23 ] Refs 1st c.AD+]; of an actor, κ. τὸ θέατρον held the audience spellbound, [[ 1st-2nd c.AD: Plutarchus Biographus et Philosophus “Demosthenes” 29 ] Refs 1st c.AD+] (but, kept the audience waiting, Phoc.[[ 19)] Refs]; of poets, μύθοις [τοὺς ἀκούοντας] κ. [[ 2nd c.AD: Lucianus Sophista “JTr.” 39 (variant{κατηχοῦσι})] Refs 2nd c.AD+]:—mostly in passive, of persons, to be possessed, inspired, [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Ion” 533e ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; ἐξ Ὁμήρου[[ [prev. work] 536b; ἐκ θεῶν 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Symposium” 1.10; κάρῳ 1st c.BC: Philodemus Gadarensis Epigrammaticus “D.” 1.18 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; τὸ θέατρον κατείχετο the audience was spellbound, [[ 4th-5th c.AD: Eunapius Historicus “Fragmenta Historica - HGM” p.247 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator ] Refs 4th c.BC+]; of hydrophobia patients, [[ 3rd c.AD: Philumenus Medicus “de Venenatis Animalibus” 4.11 ] Refs 3rd c.AD+]; of a lover, τῷ αὐτῷ θεῷ (i.e. Ἔρωτι) κατέσχημαι [[ 2nd c.AD: Lucianus Sophista “DMort.” 19.1 ] Refs 2nd c.AD+]:—also in aorist middle, [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Phaedrus” 244e. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__A.III follow close upon, press hard, [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 1.4.22 (uncertain reading), “Cyn.” 6.22:] Refs 5th c.BC+] —passive [[, [prev. work] 9.20. ] Refs]
__A.IV bring a ship to land, [[ 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 6.101, 7.59, 1st-2nd c.AD: Plutarchus Biographus et Philosophus 2.162a. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__B.1 (i.e. ἑαυτόν) control oneself, [[ 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Tyrannus” 782; οὐκέτι καθέξω 4th-3rd c.BC: Menander Comicus “Περικειρομένη” 394; εἶπεν οὖν μὴ κατασχών 1st-2nd c.AD: Plutarchus Biographus et Philosophus “Artoxerxes” 15; οὐ κατέσχεν 2nd c.AD: Appianus Historicus “Bella Civilia” 3.43 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]: with infinitive, κ. τὸ μὴ δακρύειν [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Phaedo” 117c. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__B.1.b stop, cease, of the wind, [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Pax” 944 (Lyric poetry). ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__B.2 come from the high sea to shore, put in (see. supr. IV), νηΐ Θορικόνδε [[ “hymnus ad Cererem” 126; τῆς Μαγνησίης χώρης ἐς τὸν αἰγιαλόν 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 7.188, compare 6.101, 2nd c.BC: Polybius Historicus 1.25.7, 1st-2nd c.AD: Plutarchus Biographus et Philosophus “Theseus” 21 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; τίνες ποτ᾽ ἐς γῆν τήνδε.. κατέσχετ; [[ 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Philoctetes” 221, compare 270, 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Heraclidae” 83 (Lyric poetry), 5th c.BC: Antipho Orator 5.21, etc.: with _accusative_ loci, 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Helena” 1206, “Cyc.” 223 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; of a journey by land, rest, προξένων δ᾽ ἔν του κατέσχε; [[ [prev. author] “Ion” 551, compare 2nd c.BC: Polybius Historicus 5.71.2: _metaphorically_, εὖ κατασχήσει] Refs 2nd c.BC+] shall come safe to land, [[ 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Electra” 503 (Lyric poetry). ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__B.3 prevail, ὁ λόγος κ. the report prevails, [[ 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.10; κληδὼν ἐν ἁπάσῃ τῇ πόλει κατεῖχεν 5th-6th c.BC: Andocides Orator 1.130; σεισμῶν -εχόντων 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 3.89; ὁ βορέας κατεῖχεν 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Meteorologica” 345a1, compare 360b33, 4th-3rd c.BC: Theophrastus Philosophus “de Causis Plantarum” 1.5.1. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__B.4 gain the upper hand, παρά τινι [[ 6th c.BC: Theognis Elegiacus 262 ] Refs 6th c.BC+]; gain one's purpose, [[ 5th c.BC: Lysias Orator 3.42; ὁ δὲ κατεῖχε τῇ βοῇ 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Ecclesiazusae” 434; νομίζοντες ῥᾳδίως κατασχήσειν 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Politica” 1307b10. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__C middle, keep back for oneself, embezzle, [τὰ χρήματα] [[ 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 7.164. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__C.2 cover oneself, see above [[ 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus 11.4. ] Refs 4th c.BC+]
__C.3 hold, contain, [[ 2nd c.BC: Polybius Historicus 9.26a. 7. ] Refs 2nd c.BC+]
__C.II aorist middle, ={κατέχω} [[ 5th c.BC: Bacchylides Lyricus 2, 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 3.284. ] Refs 8th c.BC+]
__C.II.2 in passive sense, τεαῖς ῥιπαῖσι κατασχόμενος subdued, [[ 5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “P.” 1.10 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; καρδίαν κατέσχετο ἔρωτι was seized with, possessed by, [[ 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Hippolytus” 27 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; see above[[ 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus 11.10. ] Refs 4th c.BC+]