Skip to main contentπνεῦμα — STEP Liddell–Scott–Jones | Berean InstitutesSTEP Liddell–Scott–Jones: πνεῦμα
Gloss
spirit/breath: breath
πνεῦμα, ατος, τό,
(πνέω) blast, wind, first in [[ 6th c.BC: Anaximenes Philosophus 2, ὅλον τὸν κόσμον π. καὶ ἀὴρ περιέχει] Refs 6th c.BC+]: frequently in Trag., etc., ἀνέμων πνεύματα πάντων [[ 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Prometheus Vinctus” 1086 (_anapaest meter_), compare 1047 (_anapaest meter_)] Refs 4th c.BC+]; θαλάσσας.. πνεύματι λάβρῳ [[ [prev. author] “Pers.” 110 (Lyric poetry); πνευμάτων ἐπομβρίᾳ [prev. author] “fragment” 300.3; τέως δὲ κούφοις πνεύμασιν βόσκου 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Ajax” 558; πνεύμασιν θαλασσίοις ἐξωσθέντες 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Cyclops” 278 (but πνοή] Refs 5th c.BC+] is commoner in Poets; [[ 8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus uses πνοιή); πνεύματα ἀνέμων 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 7.16. ; τὸ π. κατῄει 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 2.84 ] Refs 8th c.BC+]; κατὰ πρύμναν ἵσταται τὸ π.[[ [prev. work] 97; τὸ π. λεῖον καὶ καθεστηκὸς λαβεῖν 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Ranae” 1003; τὸ π. ἔλαττον γίγνεται [prev. author] “Eq.” 441; εἰ φορὸν π. εἴη 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Historia Graeca (Hellenica)” 6.2.27 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; κατὰ πνεῦμα στῆναι τοῦ ἄρρενος to leeward of him, [[ 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Historia Animalium” 560b14 ] Refs 4th c.BC+]; but κατὰ π. προσιόντες down wind, [[[prev. work] 535a19 ] Refs]; πνεύματος ἀνείλησις, ἐκπύρωσις, [[ 4th-3rd c.BC: Epicurus Philosophus “Epistulae” 2pp.44,45 U.] Refs 4th c.BC+]; as an element, air, [[ Corp.Herm. 1.9, 16; τὸ π. τὸ περὶ τὴν ψυχήν 3rd c.AD: Plotinus Philosophus 2.2.2, compare 3rd c.AD: Porphyrius Tyrius Philosophus “Sententiae ad intelligibilia ducentes” 29. ] Refs 3rd c.AD+]
__2 metaphorically, θαλερωτέρῳ π. with more genial breeze or influence, [[ 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Septem contra Thebas” 708 (Lyric poetry); λύσσης π. μάργῳ [prev. author] “Pr.” 884 (_anapaest meter_)] Refs 4th c.BC+]; αἰδοίῳ π. χώρας with air or spirit of respect on the part of the country, [[ [prev. author] “Supp.” 29 (_anapaest meter_)] Refs]; π. ταὐτὸν οὔποτ᾽.. ἐν ἀνδράσιν φίλοις βέβηκεν the wind is constantly changing even among friends, [[ 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Coloneus” 612; π. συμφορᾶς 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Iphigenia Taurica” 1317; ὅταν θεοῦ σοι π. μεταβαλὸν τύχῃ [prev. author] “HF” 216. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__II breathed air, breath, σάλπιγξ βροτείου πνεύματος πληρουμένη [[ 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Eumenides” 568 ] Refs 4th c.BC+]; αὐλῶν, λωτοῦ π., [[ 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Bacchae” 128 (Lyric poetry), “Ph.” 787 (Lyric poetry, _plural_)] Refs 5th c.BC+]; π. ἀπέρρηξεν βίου the breath of life, [[ 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Persae” 507; π. ἀπώλεσεν [prev. author] “Th.” 984 (Lyric poetry)] Refs 4th c.BC+]; π. ἄθροισον collect breath, [[ 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Phoenissae” 851 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; π. ἀφεῖναι, ἀνεῖναι, μεθεῖναι, to give up the ghost, [[ [prev. author] “Hec.” 571, “Or.” 277, “Tr.” 785 (_anapaest meter_); π. δειμαίνων λιπεῖν [prev. author] “Supp.” 554; π... δυσῶδες ἠφίει 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 2.49 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; πνεύματος διαρροαί the wind-pipe, [[ 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Hecuba” 567; τὰς τοῦ π. διεξόδους ἀποφράττον 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Timaeus” 91c (see. πνεύμων); πνεύματος ῥώμη 1st-2nd c.AD: Plutarchus Biographus et Philosophus 2.804b: proverbial, ἄνθρωπός ἐστι π. καὶ σκιὰ μόνον 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Fragmenta” 13. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__II.2 breathing, respiration, frequently in [[ 5th c.BC: Hippocrates Medicus, π. πυκνόν, ἀραιόν, ἐκτεῖνον, κατεπεῖγον, “Epid.” 2.3.7; π. πυκνότερον “Acut.” 16 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; π. προσκόπτον checked, difficult breathing, Aph.[[ 4.68 ] Refs]; π. ἄσημον indistinct, feeble breathing, Epid.[[ 6.7.8 ] Refs]; π. βηχῶδες [[ “Coac.” 622 ] Refs]; π. μετέωρον shallow breathing, Epid.[[ 2.3.1 ] Refs]; τὸ π. ἔχειν ἄνω to be out of breath, [[ 4th-3rd c.BC: Menander Comicus 23, cf. Sosicrates Comicus 1 ] Refs 4th c.BC+]; τὸ π. ἀνήνεγκαν recovered their breath, [[ 5th c.BC: Hippocrates Medicus “προρρητικόν” 2.12 (so without τὸ π. “Aph.” 2.43)] Refs 5th c.BC+]; but ἀναφέρουσιν.. κλαίοντά τε καὶ ἐς τὰς ῥῖνας ἀνέλκοντα τὸ π. they sob.., [[ [prev. author] “Hebd.” 51. ] Refs]
__II.2.b plural, of the air imagined as filling the veins, πνευμάτων ἀπολήψιες ἀνὰ φλέβας [[[prev. author]] Refs]Acut.(Sp.)[[ 7, +others ] Refs]
__II.3 flatulence, in plural, [[ 4th c.BC: Eubulus Comicus 107.9, 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Problemata” 948b25, 1st c.AD: Dioscorides (Dioscurides) Medicus 2.112, 3rd c.AD(?): Diogenes Laertius 6.94. ] Refs 4th c.BC+]
__II.4 breath of life, π. ζωῆς [[ LXX.Gen.6.17, 7.15, compare 1st-2nd c.AD: Plutarchus Biographus et Philosophus “Pericles” 13,etc.] LXX+1st c.AD+]; π. ἔχειν retain life, [[ 2nd c.BC: Polybius Historicus 31.10.4 ] Refs 2nd c.BC+]; living being, ἐγὼ Νίνος πάλαι ποτ᾽ ἐγενόμην π. [[ 3rd c.BC: Phoenix Iambographus 1.16 ] Refs 3rd c.BC+]; οὐ π. πάντα βρότεια σοὶ (i.e. Πλούτωνι) νέμετα; [[ “IG” 14.769 (from Naples). ] Refs]
__II.5 that which is breathed forth or exhaled, odour, ὦ θεῖον ὀδμῆς π. [[ 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Hippolytus” 1391 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; π. βαρὺ ἀφιεῖσα, of a tree, [[ 1st-2nd c.AD: Plutarchus Biographus et Philosophus 2.647b. ] Refs 1st c.AD+]
__II.6 Grammars, breathing with which a vowel is pronounced, [[[prev. work] 1009e (_plural_), 2nd c.AD: Apollonius Dyscolus Grammaticus “de Adverbiis;” 147.18 ] Refs 2nd c.AD+]; π. δασύ, ψιλόν, [[ [prev. author] “Pron.” 78.6, “Adv.” 148.9. ] Refs]
__III divine inspiration, ἄγρια.. πνεύματα θευφορίης [[ “Anthologia Graeca” 6.220.4 (3rd c.BC: Dioscorides Epigrammaticus); εἰ μή τι θεῖον.. ἐνῆν π. τῇ ψυχῇ 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Axiochus” 370c; τὸ ἱερὸν καὶ δαιμόνιον ἐν μούσαις π. 1st-2nd c.AD: Plutarchus Biographus et Philosophus 2.605a; καθαρὸν δίκαιον.. π. θεοῦ σωτῆρος “BMus.Inscription” 1062 (Cyrene, 2nd c.AD). ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__IV the spirit of God, π. θεοῦ [[ LXX.Gen.1.2, etc.] LXX]: frequently in NT, τὸ π. τὸ ἅγιον [[ NT.Mark.3.29, +others ] NT]
__IV.2 spirit of man, εἴτ᾽ ἐστὶ τοῦτο π. θεῖον εἴτε νοῦς [[ 4th-3rd c.BC: Menander Comicus 482.3 ] Refs 4th c.BC+]: in NT, opposed to ψυχή, [[ NT.1Thes.5.23, cf. NT.Rom.8.2 ] NT]; τῷ π., opposed to τῷ σώματι, [[ NT.1Cor.5.3 ] NT]; also, opposed to γράμμα, [[ NT.Rom.2.29. ] NT]
__V spiritual or immaterial being, angel, [[NT.Heb.1.14, NT.Rev.1.4 ] NT]; τὰ ἄχραντα π., τὰ κακὰ π., [[ 4th c.AD: Iamblichus Philosophus “de Mysteriis” 3.31 ] Refs 4th c.AD+]; π. πονηρόν, ψευδές, [[ LXX.Judg.9.23, LXX.1Ki.22.21, cf. NT.Act.19.12, 15, NT.Rev.16.14, 3rd c.AD: Porphyrius Tyrius Philosophus cited in 4th c.AD: Eusebius Caesariensis Scriptor Ecclesiasticus “Praeparatio Evangelica” 4.23, etc.] LXX+NT+3rd c.AD+]; ἀλάλου καὶ κακοῦ π. οὖσα πλήρης (i.e. ἡ Πυθία) [[ 1st-2nd c.AD: Plutarchus Biographus et Philosophus 2.438b. ] Refs 1st c.AD+]
__VI Rhet., sentence declaimed in one breath, [[ 2nd c.AD: Hermogenes Rhetor “περὶ εὑρέσεως” 3.10, 4.4, +others ] Refs 2nd c.AD+]
