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πῶς,
Ionic dialect κῶς, interrogative adverb of Manner, how? [[ 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 1.123, etc.] Refs 8th c.BC+]; sometimes to express displeasure, [[ 4.26, 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Tyrannus” 391, “Ph.” 1031, “Tr.” 192 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; to express astonishment or doubt, π. εἶπα; [[ 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Persae” 798, 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Electra” 407, etc.] Refs 5th c.BC+]; π. λέγει; [[ [prev. author] “Ph.” 1407 ] Refs]; π. φῄ; [[ 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Agamemnon” 268, 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Electra” 575 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; π. τοῦτ᾽ ἔλεξα; [[ 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Persae” 793 ] Refs 4th c.BC+]; π. τοῦτ᾽ εἶπες α; [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Politicus” 309c ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; also π. μὴ φῶμεν..; surely we must, [[ [prev. author] “Tht.” 161e. ] Refs]
__b in dialogue, to ask explanation, with a repetition of a word used by the previous speaker, δίκαια— Answ. π. δίκαι; [[ 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Coloneus” 832 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; μὴ δίκαιος ὤν—Answ. π. μὴ δίκαιο; [[ [prev. author] “Tr.” 412 ] Refs]; συμβολάς—Answ. π. συμβολά; [[ 2nd c.AD: Alexander Rhetor 143 ] Refs 2nd c.AD+]; πῶς alone, how so, π., ὅς γε..; [[ 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Philoctetes” 1386. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__2 with a second interrogative in the same clause, π. ἐκ τίνος νεώς ποτε.. ἥκετ; how and by what ship..? [[ 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Helena” 1543; τί τἀμὰ—π. ἔχει—θεσπίσματ; [prev. work] 873 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; π. τί τοῦτο λέγει; how say you and what? [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Timaeus” 22b, compare “Tht.” 146d, 208e, etc. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
Close Browse lexicon entries __3 with genitive modi, π. ἀγῶνος ἥκομε; how are we come off in it? [[ 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Electra” 751; π. ἔχει πλήθους ἐπισκοπεῖ 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Gorgias” 451c. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__4 with Verbs of selling, how? at what price? π. ὁ σῖτος ὤνιο; [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Acharnenses” 758, compare “Eq.” 480 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; τὰ δ᾽ ἄλφιθ᾽ ὑμῖν π. ἐπώλου;—Answ. τεττάρων δραχμῶν.. τὸν κόφινον [[ 5th c.BC: Strattis Comicus 13. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__II with other Particles, π. ἂν..; π. κε (ν)..; how possibly..? π. ἂν ἔπειτ᾽ ἀπὸ σεῖο.. λιποίμην οἶο; [[ 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 9.437, compare 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 1.65, etc.] Refs 8th c.BC+]; π. ἂν γένοιτ᾽ ἂν.. ποδῶν ἔκμακτρο; [[ 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Electra” 534 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]: so with indicative, [[ 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 22.202, 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Alcestis” 96 (Lyric poetry), etc. ] Refs 8th c.BC+]
__II.b in Trag., π. ἄν with optative is frequently used to express a wish, O how might it be? i.e. would that it might..! π. ἂν θάνοιμ; π. ἂν ὀλοίμη; etc., [[ 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Ajax” 388 (Lyric poetry), 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Supplices” 796 (Lyric poetry), compare “Hipp.” 208 (_anapaest meter_), 345 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; rare in Comedy texts, [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Thesmophoriazusae” 22 ] Refs 5th c.BC+] (a trace of this usage appears in [[ 8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus, 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 15.195): in later Prose, π. ἂν γένοιτο ἑσπέρ; LXX.Deu.28.67 ] LXX+8th c.BC+]; also with aorist subjunctive (without ἄν), π. κοιμηθ; [[ 2nd c.AD: Marcus Antoninus Imperator 9.40 ] Refs 2nd c.AD+]; π. μή μοι μέγας λέων ἐπιφαν; [[ 2nd c.AD: Arrianus Historicus “Epicteti Dissertationes” 4.10.10 ] Refs 2nd c.AD+]; with present, π. μὴ χρῄζ; M.Ant. [prev. cited]
__II.2 π. ἄρα..; in reply, how then? π. τ᾽ ἄρ᾽ ἴω..; [[ 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 18.188, compare 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 3.22, “hymnus ad Apollinem” 19, 207. ] Refs 8th c.BC+]
__II.3 π. γὰρ..; also in reply, as if something had gone before, [that cannot be], for how can..? [[ 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 1.123, 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 10.337, etc.] Refs 8th c.BC+]; π. γὰρ κάτοιδ; [[ 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Philoctetes” 250, compare 1383; see below 111.1. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__II.4 π. δὲ..; to introduce a strong objection, π. δὲ σὺ νῦν μέμονας, κύον ἀδδεές..; [[ 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 21.481, compare 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 18.31 ] Refs 8th c.BC+]; δόξει δὲ π.; [[ 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Prometheus Vinctus” 261. ] Refs 4th c.BC+]
__II.5 π. δ; how in the world? π. δὴ φῂς πολέμοιο μεθιέμε; [[ 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 4.351, compare 18.364, 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Agamemnon” 543, etc.] Refs 8th c.BC+]; also π. γὰρ δή..; [[ 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 16.70 ] Refs 8th c.BC+]; π. δῆτα..; [[ 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Agamemnon” 622, 1211, 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Nubes” 79, etc. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__II.6 π. καὶ..; just how..? [[ 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Hecuba” 515, “Ph.” 1354, etc.] Refs 5th c.BC+]; π. δὲ καὶ..; [[ 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Persae” 721, see at {καί} 5th c.BC: Bacchylides Lyricus 6] Refs 5th c.BC+]; but καὶ π...; to introduce an objection, [[ 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Phoenissae” 1348, see at {καί} 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus 11.2: hence καὶ π.] Refs 5th c.BC+]; alone, but how? impossible! [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus Alcaeus1.134c, “Tht.” 163d, etc. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__II.7 π. οὐ..; how not so..? i.e. surely it is so.. , π. οὐ δεινὰ εἴργασθ; [[ 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 3.66, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Nubes” 398, 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 18.273. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__II.8 π. οὖν..; like{π. ἄρα.}.; [[ 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Supplices” 297, 340, 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Tyrannus” 568, etc.] Refs 5th c.BC+]; π. ἂν οὖν.. with optative, [[ 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Persae” 243, 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Iphigenia Taurica” 98. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__II.9 π. ποτε..; how ever..? [[ 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Tyrannus” 1210 (Lyric poetry), “Ph.” 687 (Lyric poetry). ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__III πῶς followed by several of the abovenamed Particles is frequently used in elliptical sentences, as,
__III.1 π. γά; inserted parenthesis in a negative sentence, for how is it possible? how can or could it be? hence in emphatic denial, κἀγὼ μὲν οὐκ ἔδρασα, τοῦτ᾽ ἐπίσταμαι, οὐδ᾽ αὖ σύ· π. γά; [[ [prev. author] “El.” 911 ] Refs]; οὐκ ἀπορῶν (π. γά;), ὅς γε.. [[ 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 18.312, compare 21.217, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Sophista” 263c, etc.] Refs 5th c.BC+]; οὐδ᾽ ἐπὶ τὴν ἑστίαν καταφυγών (π. γὰρ ἄ;), ὅστις.. [[ 5th c.BC: Lysias Orator 1.27 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; π. γὰρ ο; how can it but be? i.e. it must be so, [[ 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Choephori” 754, 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Electra” 1307, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Theaetetus” 160c, +others] Refs 5th c.BC+]; π. γά; (i.e. ἄλλως ἔχει) is so used in [[ 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Ajax” 279. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__III.2 π. δ; how so? [[ 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Eumenides” 601, 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Nubes” 664, 673, etc.] Refs 5th c.BC+]; π. δῆτ; [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Gorgias” 469b ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; π. δα; [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Vespae” 1212. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__III.3 π. δ᾽ ο; like{π. γὰρ οὔ}; (see.[[ above 1), 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Theaetetus” 153b, “R.” 457a ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; π. δ᾽ οὐχ; [[ 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Tyrannus” 1015, 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Pax” 1027; parenthetically, 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “OT” 567 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; π. δ᾽ οὐκ ἄν..; [[ 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Prometheus Vinctus” 759. ] Refs 4th c.BC+]
__III.4 π. οὖ; how then? how next? [[ 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Medea” 1376, “Hipp.” 598, 1261, 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 19.124 ] Refs 5th c.BC+]; π. οὖν ἄν..; [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Memorabilia” 1.2.64. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__III.5 π. δοκεῖ; parenthesis, in conversation, how think you? hence (losing all interrogative force),= λίαν, wonderfully, [[ 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Plutus” 742, “Nu.” 881, “Ach.” 24; also π. οἴει σφόδρα [prev. author] “Ra.” 54; compare δοκέω 1.2. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__IV π. in indirect questions for ὅπως, [[ 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Eumenides” 677, 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Trachiniae” 991 (_anapaest meter_), 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Equites” 614, 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Memorabilia” 1.2.36, etc.; ἐθαύμαζον ἂν π... ἔδεισαν “IG” 12(3).174.28 (Cnidus, Epist.Aug.); ζητηθήσεται π. ὅτι καὶ τοῦτο ἀληθές ἐστι 2nd c.AD: Sextus Empiricus Philosophus “adversus Mathematicos” 8.16. ] Refs 5th c.BC+]
__V in exclamations, ὦ π. πονηρόν ἐστιν ἀνθρώπου φύσις τὸ σύνολον [[ 4th-3rd c.BC: Philemo Comicus 2 ] Refs 4th c.BC+]; π. παραχρῆμα ἐξηράνθη.. ! [[ NT.Matt.21.20 ] NT]; π. δυσκόλως.. ! [[ NT.Mark.10.23. ] NT]
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STEPBible TFLSJ (Translators Formatted full LSJ Bible lexicon), CC BY 4.0, Tyndale House. Greek lexical entries from the full Liddell-Scott-Jones lexicon, formatted by Tyndale House Cambridge for biblical study.
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